1. Introduction to Music: Musical Forms & Styles
Instructor: Anthony Johnson
Course: Music 100

2. Musical Form
Sonata Form- From the Italian sonare meaning simply "to sound," the sonata has undergone enough changes throughout music history to fill several encyclopedic volumes, as some scholars have indeed given us. Fortunately for us, however, sonata form nearly always refers to a single-movement structure.
Traditional sonata form in the Classical era.
Generally, if a large-scale work is called a "sonata” like the "Moonlight" Sonata for example, only one movement of it is actually in sonata form.
It's nearly always the first movement, in the case of the "Moonlight" Sonata the last movement is the sonata.
Normally the first movement of a Classical symphony or sonata is invariably in sonata form... even though the whole composition isn't called a sonata!

3. Musical Form Sonata Form
If the composition was written between Mozart's birth, 1756 and Beethoven's death, 1827, has several movements, the first of which is in sonata form, and is written for just one or two instruments, it's called a "sonata”.
If it's written for a full orchestra it's called a "symphony." Does that make sense? (Of course not.)
It’s very confusing, simply put,. So the "Moonlight" Sonata has three movements—each of which are essentially a self-contained piece—yet only one of them is "really" a sonata. The 3rd Movement

4. Musical Form Movements of a Sonata:
 Now that movements will be divided into four sections: 
exposition
development
recapitulation
coda

5. Musical Form Movements of the Sonata Exposition
The exposition introduces the main themes. Remember music is a dramatic art and can only exist in time themes are can be considered individual characters in a drama. Each theme will almost certainly have a specific personality: happy, sad, heroic, lyrical, or anything else.
A Classical-period sonata has two main themes. Keep in mind this is just a guideline and sometimes composers would stray and do what they want to artistically create music. But this is the easiest way to understand this form.
These themes nearly always contrast one another. Thus, if the first theme is happy, the second might be sad, and if the first is heroic the second might be lyrical. And always begins in the tonic key. But by the end of the movement you will be in a different key,and the music must find its way back to the tonic key by the end of the entire piece

6. Musical Form Development
That is a conflict of interest... and now our sonata has a dramatic goal: the second theme has to get back to the tonic key. This is where the development enters into play...
Just like in a film, once the main characters (in this case the themes) are presented and the conflict has been established, the action heats up. Things can get frantic in a Classical sonata's development section: themes appear in fragmentary form, the composer will rapidly cycle through keys (none of them the "right" one) so fast it's impossible to tell which key we're in, major may become minor, and the section is fraught with dissonance.
By the end of the development the main theme once again will return.

7. Musical Form Recapitulation
Once the drama settles down some and the first theme returns, it will not be in the tonic key, yet, it's largely a simple matter of repeating the exposition. The recap will also be filled with variants to keep things interesting.
 When the second theme returns, it will at long last be in the "right!!" key, the tonic. The tension has now been resolved both musically subconsciously and it's now time to wrap up the piece and bring things to a close with the...

8. Musical Form
Coda
The coda is simply the conclusion. The events that take place after the climax which bring the story to a satisfying close.
As with all music theory, what's most important is how it sounds and what it means. Remember, all music is inherently dramatic, and great composers found all sorts of ways to burst the boundaries of conventional sonata form in order to express great musical thoughts and emotions.

9. Questions & Disscussion
1-If it's written for a full orchestra it's called?
Symphony
2-This movement introduces the main themes.
Exposition
3-: Themes appear in fragmentary form, the composer will rapidly cycle through keys in this movement.
Development
4-The first theme returns, it will not be in the tonic key, yet, it's largely a simple matter of repeating the theme in this movement.
Recapitulation
5-A piece written for just one or two instruments, it's called?
Sonata