1. The Origins of Neuroscience
Prehistoric ancestors
Brain vital to life
Skull surgeries
Evidence: Trepanation
Skulls show signs of healing
Views of ancient Egypt
Heart: Seat of soul and memory (not the head)

3. The Origins of Neuroscience
Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece
Correlation between structure and function
Hippocrates
Brain: Involved in sensation; seat of intelligence
Aristotle: Clung to the heart was the centwe of the intellect.
Brain was a radiator that cooled the blood
Tempered the seething heart

5. The Origins of Neuroscience
Views of the Brain: The Roman Empire
Views of Greek physician Galen
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Ventricles

6. The Origins of Neuroscience
Views of the Brain: The Renaissance
The brain as a machine

7. The Origins of Neuroscience
Views of the Brain: The Renaissance
Fluid-mechanical theory of brain function
Philosophical mind-brain problem

8. The Origins of Neuroscience
Views of the Brain: The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Gray matter and white matter

9. The Origins of Neuroscience
Views of the Brain: Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century
Gyri, sulci, and fissures

10. The Origins of Neuroscience
Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century
Central subdivision: brain and spinal cord
Peripheral division: network of nerves coursing through the body

12. The Origins of Neuroscience
Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century
Nerve as wires, understanding of electrical phenomena, nervous system can generate electricity
Bell and Magendie: Dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions

14. The Origins of Neuroscience
Localization of Function in the Brain
Charles Bell
Cerebellum: Origin of the motor fibers
Cerebrum: Destination of sensory fibers
Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens
Experimental ablation method

15. The Origins of Neuroscience
Localization of Function in the Brain
Franz Joseph Gall
Phrenology: Bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits

17. The Origins of Neuroscience
Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d)
Paul Broca
Discrete region of the human cerebrum for speech

19. The Origins of Neuroscience
Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d)
Regional specialization in different species

20. The Origins of Neuroscience
Evolution of the Nervous System
Natural selection
Nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms
Rationale for “animal models”

21. The Origins of Neuroscience
The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain
Cell theory
Cells
Nerve cells

22. Neuroscience Today Reductionist approach Levels of analysis Molecular
Cellular
Systems
Behavioral
Cognitive

23. Neuroscience Today The Neuroscientist
-Education, Training, Research experience
-Clinical vs. Experimental research

24. Neuroscience Today Scientific Process Observation Replication
Interpretation
Verification

25. Neuroscience Today The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research
Animals: Renewable natural resources
The more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutionary relationship with humans
Examples (from simple to more complex) - nematodes, insects, snails, squid, rodents, monkeys, etc.

26. Neuroscience Today
The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research (Cont’d)
Role of animal welfare societies
Neuroscientists accept certain moral responsibilities
Ensure that experiments are worthwhile and well planned
Eliminate or minimize pain and distress to the animal
All possible alternatives must be considered first

27. Neuroscience Today
The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research (Cont’d)
Animal rights
Philosophy
Abolition of animal use
Animal rights activists

28. Neuroscience Today
The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders

29. Concluding Remarks
Goal of neuroscience:To learn how the nervous system functions
Brain’s activity reflected in behavior
Computer-assisted imaging techniques
New treatments for nervous system disorders
Non-invasive methods
Experiments in live tissue