1. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
JOSE S. SANTIAGO M.D.

2. Respiratory System Interchange of gases
Called respiration or breathing
Oxygen inhaled through the lungs
Passes to blood and carbon dioxide
Removed from the blood and exhaled into the air

3. Respiratory System Inhalation or inspiration-Oxygen in
Exhalation or expiration-CO2 out

4. Respiratory System – Structures
Nose and nasal cavity
Nas/o
Pharynx
Pharyng/o

5. Respiratory System – Structures
Nose and nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Pleural and mediastinal cavities

6. Structures of the Respiratory System

7. Nose, Nasal Cavities, and Paranasal Sinuses
External nares
Cilia
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Olfactory neurons
Paranasal sinuses

8. Pharynx (Throat) Nasopharynx Internal nares Eustachian tubes
Separated by nasal septum
Eustachian tubes
Adenoids and pharyngeal tonsils

9. Pharynx (Throat) Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Palatine and lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx
Opens into the larynx and esophagus

10. Larynx (Voice Box)
Adam’s apple
Epiglottis
Vocal cords
Glottis

11. Trachea (Windpipe) Extends from the larynx to the bronchi
Lined with mucous membranes and cilia
Mainly muscle fibers
C-shaped cartilage

12. Bronchi Trachea divides into two primary bronchi
Secondary and tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles

13. Lungs Top of lung is apex Bottom of lung is base Right lung
Three lobes
Superior, middle, and inferior

14. Lungs Left lung Alveoli and alveolar ducts Pulmonary capillaries
Two lobes
Superior and inferior
Alveoli and alveolar ducts
Pulmonary capillaries

15. Pleural and Mediastinal Cavities
Pleural cavity
Surrounds the lungs
Parietal and visceral pleura
Pleural fluid

16. Pleural and Mediastinal Cavities
Mediastinal cavity
Lies between the lungs
Contains the heart, aorta, trachea, and esophagus

17. Roots
Adenoid/o adenoids
Adenoidectomy-excision of the adenoids

18. Roots Alveol/o alveoli; air sacs Alveolar- pertaining to the alveoli
Alveolitis- inflammation of the alveoli

19. Roots Bronchi/o; bronch/o bronchus
Bronchiectasis- dilation of the bronchus
Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchus
Bronchospasm- sudden, involuntary contraction of the bronchus

20. Roots Bronchiol/o bronchioles; small bronchi
Bronchiolitis-inflammation of the bronchioles

21. Roots Laryng/o larynx; voice box
Laryngeal- pertaining to the voice box
Laryngospasm- sudden, involuntary contraction of the voice box

22. Roots Lob/o lobe Lobar-pertaining to the lobe of the lung
Lobectomy-excision of a lobe of the lung

23. Roots Mediastin/o mediastinum
Mediastinoscopy-process of visually examining the cavity between the lungs

24. Roots Muc/o mucus Mucolytic-drug used to break down thick mucus
Water-best mucolytic

25. Roots
Nas/o nose
Nasolacrimal-pertaining to the nose and lacrimal apparatus
Nasopharyngeal-pertaining to the nasopharynx

26. Roots Ox/o; ox/i oxygen Anoxia-lack of oxygen
Hypoxia-deficiency of oxygen

27. Roots Pector/o chest Pectoral –pertaining to the chest
Pectoral muscles
Expectoration-coughing out
materials from the lungs

28. Roots Pharyng/o pharynx; throat
Oropharyngeal-pertaining to the mouth and pharynx

29. Roots Phren/o diaphragm Phrenic-pertaining to the diaphragm
Phrenic nerve-nerve to the diaphragm

30. Roots Pleur/a; pleur/o pleura; pleural cavity
Pleuralgia-pain in the pleura
Pleuritis (Pleurisy)-inflammation of the pleura

31. Roots Pneum/o lungs Pneumon/o; pulmon/o lungs
Pneumonia/Pneumonitis-inflammation of the lung
Pulmonary edema-accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs

32. Roots
Rhin/o nose
Rhinitis-inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose
Rhinorrhea-discharge from the nose
Rhinoplasty-surgical repair of the nose
RHINOPLASTY

33. Roots
Sinus/o sinuses
Pansinusitis-inflammation of all the paranasal sinuses

34. Roots Thorac/0 chest;thorax
Thoracocentesis-surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural cavity
Thoracoplasty- surgical reconstruction of the thorax
Thoracotomy-process of cutting into the chest

35. Roots Trache/0 trachea;windpipe
Tracheotomy-process of cutting into the trachea
Tracheostomy-new opening into the trachea is created and a tube is inserted

36. Suffixes -phonia voice Aphonia-loss of voice
Dysphonia-difficulty in speaking

37. Suffixes -pnea breathing Apnea-no breathing Bradypnea-slow breathing
Dyspnea-difficulty of breathing
Eupnea-normal breathing
Tachypnea-fast breathing
Orthopnea-breathing only in upright position

38. Suffixes
-ptysis spitting
Hemoptysis-spitting up of blood

39. Suffixes
-thorax chest
Hemothorax-blood in pleural cavity

40. Suffixes
-thorax chest
Hydrothorax-watery fluid in pleural cavity

41. Suffixes
-thorax chest
Pneumothorax-air in the pleural cavity

42. Suffixes
-thorax chest
Pyothorax/empyema-pus in pleural cavity

43. Suffixes -thorax chest
Closed tube thoracostomy-treatment for hemothorax, hydrothorax, pneumothorax and
pyothorax

44. Aging Costal cartilage hardens Thoracic cage becomes rigid
Elasticity of the lungs diminishes
Respiratory muscles weaken
Cilia less active
Coughing reflex diminishes

45. Common Diseases Asthma Combination of:
bronchospasm, increased mucus secretion and wheezing

46. Common Diseases
Emphysema-
destruction of the alveoli

47. Common Diseases
Lung cancer-malignant tumor or mass in the lungs

48. Common Diseases
Pneumonia-infection and inflammation of the lung

49. Abbreviations AP anteroposterior CO2 carbon dioxide CXR chest X-ray
ERV expiratory reserve volume
IRV inspiratory reserve volume
O2 oxygen

50. Abbreviations PA posteroanterior PFT pulmonary function tests
R respiration
RV residual volume
SOA shortness of air
SOB shortness of breath

51. Abbreviations T&A tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy TV tidal volume
URI upper respiratory infection
URT upper respiratory tract

52. THANK YOU