2. روش صحيح شيردهي (وضعیت، مشاهده و ارزیابی)
روش صحيح شيردهي (وضعیت، مشاهده و ارزیابی)
پروین زارع- فوق لیسانس مامایی
کارشناس مسئول برنامه ترویج تغذيه با شيرمادر استان فارس
عضو كميته استانی ترويج تغذيه با شيرمادر دانشگاه علوم پزشكي شیراز
2006

3. When to assist with breastfeeding
The baby is finding the breast in the first hour after birth and may suckle at this time.
This should be a relaxed time without emphasis on positioning the mother and baby or assessing a feed.
Often the mother and baby will sleep for a few hours after this introduction time.
Source: UNICEF.WHO BREASTFEEDING PROMOTION AND SUPPORT IN A BABY-FRIENDLY HOSPITAL SECTION 3. 2: 2006

4. Remember to observe first.
When the baby wakes again a few hours later is a good time to help the mother to find a comfortable position and help her to position and attach her baby, if she needs help.
Remember to observe first.
Help the mother to position her baby rather than the health worker positioning the baby.
The mother needs to be able to position the baby herself.

5. exposed to sedation during labor,
If the baby is a full-term healthy baby there is no need to wake the baby in the first few hours.
If the baby was
exposed to sedation during labor,
is preterm,
or small for gestational age,
or at risk of hypoglycemia,
the baby may need to be woken after 3- 4 hours and encouraged to feed.

6. How to breastfeed get comfortable holding your baby be patient...
breastfeeding...
speed...

7. Good positioning, or Latch-on (attachment)
Are vital to enable the baby to milk the breast effectively and is a key element of successful breastfeeding.

8. Positioning :
How to hold the baby in relation to the mother to make attachment and feeding easy and effective
2006

9. How the baby’s mouth 'latches-on' or 'attaches' to the mothers breast
Attachment:
How the baby’s mouth 'latches-on' or 'attaches'  to the mothers breast
2006

10. POINTS
If the baby is well attached and suckling effectively, do not interfere with the way she is breastfeeding.
Tell the mother what key points you are observing, to build her confidence and her own ability to assess how breastfeeding is going.
2006

11. Positioning for breastfeeding

12. Mother’s position
There are many positions that a mother may use – for example,
sitting on the floor or the ground,
or sitting on a chair,
lying down, standing up, or walking.
In sitting or lying down, she should be:
Comfortable with back supported
Feet supported
Breast supported, if needed.
2006

13. صندلی مناسب جهت شيردهی پهنای مناسب ارتفاع مناسب
دسته مناسب جهت تکيه دست مادر
پشتی مناسب
زيرپائی (جهت بالانگهداشتن پا)

14. Mother’s position is important
Sitting with feet supported is more comfortable.
Bring the baby level with the breast,
Using a rolled up towel or clothes, Cushion or pillow, if needed.

15. Breast shape and positioning
The mother should not move her breasts from how they naturally fall
Positioning her baby should be adapted to take her breast shape, size and position

17. PRACTICAL POSITIONS FOR BREATFEEDING
Sitting positions
Traditional position:
Cradle Hold
Cross Cradle Hold
Underarm position
Side-lying positions
Others

18. Cradle position
Useful for babies with good head control: term, healthy babies.
Cradle position The baby’s lower arm is tucked around the mother’s side. Not between the baby’s chest and the mother. Take care that the baby’s head is not too far into the crook of the mother’s arm that the breast is pulled to one side making it difficult to stay attached.
2006

19. Cradle position Advantages
Woman are most likely to have seen this position used,
Works best for most situation.
Limitations
Requires sitting; cesarean incision or hemorrhoids may make sitting a less desirable position.

20. Cross Cradle Hold
may be useful when learning to breastfeed.

21. Cross Cradle Hold (Transitional hold, Cross arm position, )
Useful for small or ill baby with poor head control
Sore nipple
Cross arm position Useful for small or ill baby. Mother has good control of baby’s head and body, so may be useful when learning to breastfeed.Take care that the baby’s head is not held too tightly preventing movement.
2006

22. Football Hold
Gives the mother a good view of the attachment.

23. Underarm position) "football" or clutch hold)
Useful for twins, cesarean delivery, blocked duct, difficulty attaching the baby
Underarm position Useful for large breasts, twins or to help to drain all areas of the breast. Gives the mother a good view of the attachment. Take care that baby is not bending his or her neck forcing the chin down to the chest.
2006

24. Side-Lying Hold

25. Side-lying position
A mother cannot sit up and take the weight for the baby in her arms
Comfortable after a caesarian section
A weary mother!
Night feeding
A baby with poor head control
A baby with cleft lip and/or palate
A baby who refuses to breastfeed
Lying down on side position Helps a mother to rest. Comfortable after a caesarian section. Take care that the baby’s nose is on a level with mother’s nipple, and that baby does not need to bend his or her neck to reach the breast.
2006

26. Straddle position

27. Modified Australian hold Position for abundant milk flow
2006

28. 2006

29. ?? Position!!

31. Twins Position Babies at Side V shape Double Football Hold
Cradle And Football
Cross Cradle Hold
Parallel
2006

32. Twins Grow Well on Breastmilk

34. Breastfeeding more than one baby
Mothers can make enough milk for two babies, and even three.
The key factors are not milk production,but
time,
support
encouragement
from health care providers, family, and friends.

35. Tandem Nursing

36. Baby’s position
The baby also can be in different positions, such as along the mother’s arm,
under the mother’s arm,
or along her side.
The baby’s body needs to be:
In line with ear,
Close to the mother’s body,
Supported at the head, shoulders and if newborn, the whole body supported,
Facing the breast with the baby’s nose to the nipple
The baby also can be in different positions, such as along the mother’s arm, under the
mother’s arm, or along her side. Whatever position is used, the same four key points
are used to help the baby be comfortable. The baby’s body needs to be:
- in line with ear, shoulder and hip in a straight line, so that the neck is neither
twisted nor bent forward or far back;
- close to the mother’s body so the baby is brought to the breast rather than the
breast taken to the baby;
- supported at the head, shoulders and if newborn, the whole body supported; and
- facing the breast with the baby’s nose to the nipple as she or he comes to the
breast.
2006

37. ارزيابي در تغذيه با شيرمادر
درارزيابي، مي توان ضمن تشويق به موفقيت و عملكرد خوب مادر و شيرخوار با دادن آگاهي ورفع مشكلات موجود, از مشكلات بعدي پيشگيري نمود.
ارزيابي، شامل مشاهده عملكرد مادر و شيرخوار، سئوال و شنيدن پاسخ مادر مي باشد .

38. BREASTFEED OBSERVATION AID
Mother's name _______________________________ Date ___________________
Baby's name _________________________________ Baby's age ______________
Signs that breastfeeding is going well: Signs of possible difficulty:
GENERAL
Mother: Mother:
 Mother looks healthy  Mother looks ill or depressed
 Mother relaxed and comfortable  Mother looks tense and uncomfortable
 Signs of bonding between mother and baby  No mother/baby eye contact
Baby: Baby:
 Baby looks healthy  Baby looks sleepy or ill
 Baby calm and relaxed  Baby is restless or crying
 Baby reaches or roots for breast if hungry  Baby does not reach or root
BREASTS
 Breasts look healthy  Breasts look red, swollen, or sore
No pain or discomfort
Breast well supported with fingers away from nipple  Breast or nipple painful
 Breasts held with fingers on areola
BABY’S POSITION
 Baby’s head and body in line  Baby’s neck and head twisted to feed
 Baby held close to mother’s body  Baby not held close
 Baby’s whole body supported  Baby supported by head and neck only
 Baby approaches breast, nose to nipple  Baby approaches breast, lower lip/chin to nipple
BABY’S ATTACHMENT
 More areola seen above baby’s top lip  More areola seen below bottom lip
 Baby’s mouth open wide  Baby’s mouth not open wide
 Lower lip turned outwards  Lips pointing forward or turned in
 Baby’s chin touches breast  Baby’s chin not touching breast
SUCKLING
 Slow, deep sucks with pauses  Rapid shallow sucks
 Cheeks round when suckling  Cheeks pulled in when suckling
Baby releases breast when finished
Mother notices signs of oxytocin reflex  Mother takes baby off the breast
 No signs of oxytocin reflex noticed
Notes:
7/2

39. How to assessing a breastfeed
Observe:
The mother and baby in general
The mother’s breasts
The position of the baby
Attachment during the feed
The baby’s suckling
Ask
the mother how breastfeeding feels to her.
Source: UNICEF.WHO BREASTFEEDING PROMOTION AND SUPPORT IN A BABY-FRIENDLY HOSPITAL SECTION 3. 2: 2006
2006

40. BREASTFEED OBSERVATION AID
Mother's name _______________________________ Date ___________________
Baby's name _________________________________ Baby's age ______________
Signs that breastfeeding is going well: Signs of possible difficulty:
GENERAL
Mother: Mother:
 Mother looks healthy  Mother looks ill or depressed
 Mother relaxed and comfortable  Mother looks tense and uncomfortable
 Signs of bonding between mother and baby  No mother/baby eye contact
Baby: Baby:
 Baby looks healthy  Baby looks sleepy or ill
 Baby calm and relaxed  Baby is restless or crying
 Baby reaches or roots for breast if hungry  Baby does not reach or root
BREASTS
 Breasts look healthy  Breasts look red, swollen, or sore
No pain or discomfort
Breast well supported with fingers away from nipple  Breast or nipple painful
 Breasts held with fingers on areola
BABY’S POSITION
 Baby’s head and body in line  Baby’s neck and head twisted to feed
 Baby held close to mother’s body  Baby not held close
 Baby’s whole body supported  Baby supported by head and neck only
 Baby approaches breast, nose to nipple  Baby approaches breast, lower lip/chin to nipple
BABY’S ATTACHMENT
 More areola seen above baby’s top lip  More areola seen below bottom lip
 Baby’s mouth open wide  Baby’s mouth not open wide
 Lower lip turned outwards  Lips pointing forward or turned in
 Baby’s chin touches breast  Baby’s chin not touching breast
SUCKLING
 Slow, deep sucks with pauses  Rapid shallow sucks
 Cheeks round when suckling  Cheeks pulled in when suckling
Baby releases breast when finished
Mother notices signs of oxytocin reflex  Mother takes baby off the breast
 No signs of oxytocin reflex noticed
Notes:

41. Look at the mother in general:
What do you notice about the mother
– her age, general appearance,
if she looks healthy or ill,
happy or sad,
comfortable and relaxed or tense?
Do you see signs of bonding between mother and baby
– eye contact, smiling,held securely with confidence, or no eye contact and a limp hold?
2006

42. Discouraged mother, Kladanj, Bosnia (1995)

45. Look at the baby in general:
What do you notice about the baby – general health, alert or sleep,
calm and relaxed,
crying or restless,
and any conditions that could affect feeding such as a blocked nose or cleft palate?
How does the baby respond –
looking for the breast when hungry,
close to mother or pulling away?
2006

46. BREASTFEED OBSERVATION AID
Mother's name _______________________________ Date ___________________
Baby's name _________________________________ Baby's age ______________
Signs that breastfeeding is going well: Signs of possible difficulty:
GENERAL
Mother: Mother:
 Mother looks healthy  Mother looks ill or depressed
 Mother relaxed and comfortable  Mother looks tense and uncomfortable
 Signs of bonding between mother and baby  No mother/baby eye contact
Baby: Baby:
 Baby looks healthy  Baby looks sleepy or ill
 Baby calm and relaxed  Baby is restless or crying
 Baby reaches or roots for breast if hungry  Baby does not reach or root
BREASTS
 Breasts look healthy  Breasts look red, swollen, or sore
No pain or discomfort
Breast well supported with fingers away from nipple  Breast or nipple painful
 Breasts held with fingers on areola
BABY’S POSITION
 Baby’s head and body in line  Baby’s neck and head twisted to feed
 Baby held close to mother’s body  Baby not held close
 Baby’s whole body supported  Baby supported by head and neck only
 Baby approaches breast, nose to nipple  Baby approaches breast, lower lip/chin to nipple
BABY’S ATTACHMENT
 More areola seen above baby’s top lip  More areola seen below bottom lip
 Baby’s mouth open wide  Baby’s mouth not open wide
 Lower lip turned outwards  Lips pointing forward or turned in
 Baby’s chin touches breast  Baby’s chin not touching breast
SUCKLING
 Slow, deep sucks with pauses  Rapid shallow sucks
 Cheeks round when suckling  Cheeks pulled in when suckling
Baby releases breast when finished
Mother notices signs of oxytocin reflex  Mother takes baby off the breast
 No signs of oxytocin reflex noticed
Notes:

47. What do you notice about her breasts?
How do her breasts and nipples look healthy or red, swollen or sore?
Does she say that she has pain or act as if she is afraid to feed the baby?
How does she hold her breast for a feed? Are her fingers away from nipple or the baby taking a large mouthful of the breast?

49. Breast holding C-hold v-hold (scissors):
4 finger underneath and the thumb on top.
C-hold with chest wall support:
4 finger placed flat on chest wall with index in the base of the breast and thumb on top.
v-hold (scissors):
Only if the mother’s finger can open wide enough to keep the areola exposed to latch-on.

50. Cont… Breast compression U-hold (Dancer hold): Nipple sandwich hold:
The mother supports her breast with the palm of her hand and the three outer fingers
Her finger and thumb are free to support the baby's chin and cheeks
Supports the breast and the infant’s chin, allowing the mandible to rest within the interdigital space.
Nipple sandwich hold:
Like C-hold with compression a part of the areola with fingers and thumb.
Breast compression
Thumb on the upper side of the breast other fingers on the other, fairly far back from the nipple.

51. C-hold

53. V-hold

54. U-hold (Dancer position)
The mother supports her breast with the palm of her hand and the three outer fingers
Her finger and thumb are free to support the baby's chin and cheeks
2006

55. Breast compression

56. BREASTFEED OBSERVATION AID
Mother's name _______________________________ Date ___________________
Baby's name _________________________________ Baby's age ______________
Signs that breastfeeding is going well: Signs of possible difficulty:
GENERAL
Mother: Mother:
 Mother looks healthy  Mother looks ill or depressed
 Mother relaxed and comfortable  Mother looks tense and uncomfortable
 Signs of bonding between mother and baby  No mother/baby eye contact
Baby: Baby:
 Baby looks healthy  Baby looks sleepy or ill
 Baby calm and relaxed  Baby is restless or crying
 Baby reaches or roots for breast if hungry  Baby does not reach or root
BREASTS
 Breasts look healthy  Breasts look red, swollen, or sore
No pain or discomfort
Breast well supported with fingers away from nipple  Breast or nipple painful
 Breasts held with fingers on areola
BABY’S POSITION
 Baby’s head and body in line  Baby’s neck and head twisted to feed
 Baby held close to mother’s body  Baby not held close
 Baby’s whole body supported  Baby supported by head and neck only
 Baby approaches breast, nose to nipple  Baby approaches breast, lower lip/chin to nipple
BABY’S ATTACHMENT
 More areola seen above baby’s top lip  More areola seen below bottom lip
 Baby’s mouth open wide  Baby’s mouth not open wide
 Lower lip turned outwards  Lips pointing forward or turned in
 Baby’s chin touches breast  Baby’s chin not touching breast
SUCKLING
 Slow, deep sucks with pauses  Rapid shallow sucks
 Cheeks round when suckling  Cheeks pulled in when suckling
Baby releases breast when finished
Mother notices signs of oxytocin reflex  Mother takes baby off the breast
 No signs of oxytocin reflex noticed
Notes:

57. There are four key points about the position of the baby:
The baby's head and body should be in a straight line.
Mother should hold baby’s body close to hers.
Baby’s face should face the breast, with the baby’s nose opposite the nipple.
If the baby is newborn, support the whole body, and not just the head and shoulders.
Source: UNICEF.WHO BREASTFEEDING PROMOTION AND SUPPORT IN A BABY-FRIENDLY HOSPITAL SECTION 3.2: 2006
2006

58. BREASTFEED OBSERVATION AID
Mother's name _______________________________ Date ___________________
Baby's name _________________________________ Baby's age ______________
Signs that breastfeeding is going well: Signs of possible difficulty:
GENERAL
Mother: Mother:
 Mother looks healthy  Mother looks ill or depressed
 Mother relaxed and comfortable  Mother looks tense and uncomfortable
 Signs of bonding between mother and baby  No mother/baby eye contact
Baby: Baby:
 Baby looks healthy  Baby looks sleepy or ill
 Baby calm and relaxed  Baby is restless or crying
 Baby reaches or roots for breast if hungry  Baby does not reach or root
BREASTS
 Breasts look healthy  Breasts look red, swollen, or sore
No pain or discomfort
Breast well supported with fingers away from nipple  Breast or nipple painful
 Breasts held with fingers on areola
BABY’S POSITION
 Baby’s head and body in line  Baby’s neck and head twisted to feed
 Baby held close to mother’s body  Baby not held close
 Baby’s whole body supported  Baby supported by head and neck only
 Baby approaches breast, nose to nipple  Baby approaches breast, lower lip/chin to nipple
BABY’S ATTACHMENT
 More areola seen above baby’s top lip  More areola seen below bottom lip
 Baby’s mouth open wide  Baby’s mouth not open wide
 Lower lip turned outwards  Lips pointing forward or turned in
 Baby’s chin touches breast  Baby’s chin not touching breast
SUCKLING
 Slow, deep sucks with pauses  Rapid shallow sucks
 Cheeks round when suckling  Cheeks pulled in when suckling
Baby releases breast when finished
Mother notices signs of oxytocin reflex  Mother takes baby off the breast
 No signs of oxytocin reflex noticed
Notes:

59. When latching

60. Teach baby to open wide mouth/gape:
Move baby toward breast, touch top lip against nipple
Move mouth away slightly
Touch top lip against nipple again, move away again
Repeat until baby opens wide and has tongue forward
Or, better yet, run nipple along the baby’s upper lip, from one corner to the other, lightly, until baby opens wide
SOURCE: Dr. Jack Newman MD,FRCPC, a consultant with UNICEF's Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative 2005

61. Help the baby to come to the breast and attach by:
Touching the baby's lips with the nipple,
Baby opens his or her mouth.
Waiting until the baby's mouth is opening wide,
To take a large mouthful of breast.
Aiming the baby's lower lip well below the nipple,
His or her chin and lower lip will touch the breast first before the upper lip.
Bringing the baby to the breast.
not move herself or her breast to her baby.
Source: UNICEF.WHO BREASTFEEDING PROMOTION AND SUPPORT IN A BABY-FRIENDLY HOSPITAL SECTION 2: 2004

62. WIDE MOUTH / GAPE area drawn into baby’s mouth
push base of hand firmly against baby’s shoulders keeping baby “ uncurled ” chin coming in first
Move baby not breast
SOURCE: Dr. Jack Newman MD,FRCPC, Handout in breastfeeding 2005.

63. MOTHER’S VIEW OF NURSING BABY
area baby draws in mouth
-baby’s head tilted slightly back
-bring baby in quickly
-push with base of hand on shoulders
-chin touches first
baby’s body close against mother
Move baby not breast
Chin and lower jaw touch breast first
SOURCE: Dr. Jack Newman MD,FRCPC, Handout in breastfeeding 2005.

65. MOTHER’S VIEW OF NURSING BABY
head tilted slightly back
chin well in against breast
hold in firmly against shoulders keeping baby uncurled
SOURCE: Dr. Jack Newman MD,FRCPC, Handout in breastfeeding 2005.

66. BABY’S ATTACHMENT

67. Latch-On Sequence Gently breaking suction seal.
Baby’s chin pressing into mother’s breast.
Baby’s mouth touching nipple
Beginning latch-on sequence.
Baby achieving latch-on

68. Good Latch-On

69. Signs of Good Latch-On Tongue visible when bottom lip is pulled down
Ears wiggle
Circular movement of jaw
Audible swallowing
Visible breast movement
Nose and chin to breast
wide opened mouth
flared lips
Asymmetric latch (more areola visible above the baby’s mouth)
The infant should grasp the entire nipple and as much of the areola as comfortably possible (about 1 to 2 inches form the base of the nipple) and draw it into the mouth.

70. Correct latch-on is very important. As it:
Makes milk flow better
Prevents sore nipples
Keeps your baby satisfied
Stimulates a good milk supply
Helps to prevent overly full (engorged) breasts

71. Observe the signs of attachment during the feed:
Can you see:
more areola above the baby’s mouth than below,
mouth open wide,
lower lip turned out, and
chin touching breast ?
2006

72. Wide Open Mouth

73. Signs of Bad Latch-On The baby’s cheeks are sucked in
The baby’s mouth moves rapidly, like a flutter
The baby’s lips are sucked in (especially the bottom one)
The baby’s head moves continuously
The baby makes clicking, sucking noises at
the breast

74. Positioning, latching on
This is no less important for the premature baby than in the full term
A good latch allows the baby to get milk better from the breast
this teaches the baby to suckle properly
babies learn to breastfeed by breastfeeding
A good latch prevents nipple soreness

75. " "Restrictions in breastfeeding policies for preterm infants are commonly based on studies of bottle feeding, where it has been established that infants with immature cardiorespiratory control show a less coordinated suck-swallow-breathe pattern, resulting in apnea, hypoxia and bradycardia"

76. 31 weeks, 3 days old, and breastfeeding
Note latch

77. 28 weeks gestation, two weeks old, latched on, getting milk

78. 28 weeks and breastfeeding

79. Assess Some Breastfeeds
some cases study

80. Good position, good latch

81. Nipple points to roof of mouth

82. Well latched on

83. Two errors?

84. Two errors?
Nipple is pointing to the lower lip, not upper lip (or has moved baby to much to the side)
Mother is squeezing nipple to put it into the baby’s mouth

85. ONE SUCK
Open mouth wide
Pause
Close mouth
PAUSE

86. BREASTFEED OBSERVATION AID
Mother's name _______________________________ Date ___________________
Baby's name _________________________________ Baby's age ______________
Signs that breastfeeding is going well: Signs of possible difficulty:
GENERAL
Mother: Mother:
 Mother looks healthy  Mother looks ill or depressed
 Mother relaxed and comfortable  Mother looks tense and uncomfortable
 Signs of bonding between mother and baby  No mother/baby eye contact
Baby: Baby:
 Baby looks healthy  Baby looks sleepy or ill
 Baby calm and relaxed  Baby is restless or crying
 Baby reaches or roots for breast if hungry  Baby does not reach or root
BREASTS
 Breasts look healthy  Breasts look red, swollen, or sore
No pain or discomfort
Breast well supported with fingers away from nipple  Breast or nipple painful
 Breasts held with fingers on areola
BABY’S POSITION
 Baby’s head and body in line  Baby’s neck and head twisted to feed
 Baby held close to mother’s body  Baby not held close
 Baby’s whole body supported  Baby supported by head and neck only
 Baby approaches breast, nose to nipple  Baby approaches breast, lower lip/chin to nipple
BABY’S ATTACHMENT
 More areola seen above baby’s top lip  More areola seen below bottom lip
 Baby’s mouth open wide  Baby’s mouth not open wide
 Lower lip turned outwards  Lips pointing forward or turned in
 Baby’s chin touches breast  Baby’s chin not touching breast
SUCKLING
 Slow, deep sucks with pauses  Rapid shallow sucks
 Cheeks round when suckling  Cheeks pulled in when suckling
Baby releases breast when finished
Mother notices signs of oxytocin reflex  Mother takes baby off the breast
 No signs of oxytocin reflex noticed
Notes:

87. Ask the mother how breastfeeding feels to her:
Can she feel any signs of oxytocin reflex, e.g. leaking or tingling?
Is there any discomfort or pain?
2006

88. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MOTHER
Mother’s posture
sit with straight, well-supported back
trunk facing forwards, lap flat
Baby’s position before feed begins
on pillow can be helpful,
nipple points to the baby’s upper lip or nostril
Baby’s body
placed not quite tummy to tummy, but so that baby comes up to breast from below and baby’s eyes make contact with mother’s

89. Observe the baby’s suckling:
Can you see slow deep sucks with pauses?
You may hear gentle swallowing or clicks and gulps, and see the baby’s cheeks round when suckling and are not drawn inward during a feed.
Notice how the feed finishes - does baby releases the breast by himself or herself and look contented?
2006

90. BREAST IS BEST ARTIFICIAL BABY HUMAN MILK FOR: COW’S MILK FOR: CALVE
HUMAN INFANT
COW’S MILK FOR:
CALVE
ARTIFICIAL MILK FOR:
ARTIFICIAL BABY
LOVES THE BREAST