1. The Circulatory System:
Blood

2. 3 Functions of Blood 1. Transport transports CO2 & O2 Nutrients
metabolic waste (urea & lactic acid)
hormones
enzymes
plasma proteins

3. 3 Functions of Blood 2. Regulation body temperature pH in body tissues
fluid & electrolyte balance

4. 3 Functions of Blood 3. Protection prevents excessive bleeding
antibodies detect foreign material
prevents infection (WBC)

5. Composition of Blood Blood – made of plasma and formed elements
8% of body wgt
pH = 7.4
5x more viscous than water

6. Blood Composition Separated by Centrifugation
Hematocrit

7. Blood Plasma plasma → nonliving fluid part; straw-colored
90% water; plasma proteins (8%)
Albumin –shuttles molecules through blood; buffer; helps maintain plasma’s osmotic pressure
Fibrogen – helps repair damaged tissue
Dissolved solutes (nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, ions, proteins, etc.) (2%)
55% of blood volume

8. Blood Plasma

9. Formed Elements in Blood
Formed elements → living blood cells
-45% of blood
-platelets (thrombocytes) → clotting
-red blood cells (RBC; erythrocytes) →carry oxygen;
-white blood cells (WBC; leukocytes)
→fight infection

10. Blood cell formation Hematopoiesis (aka hemopoiesis) Occurs in:
Red bone marrow stem cells
Vertebrate, ribs, hips, sternum, skull
Lymph tissue in nodes, tonsils, spleen & thymus make small amounts

13. Erythrocytes (RBCs) Plasma membrane; anucleate
Hemoglobin- protein that transports oxygen/CO2
Erythropoiesis
EPO
Hemolysis – 120 days
Phagocytocis

15. Erythrocytes (RBCs)

16. Excessive RBC
polycythemia – abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscosity
Blood thickens, flows sluggishly

17. Leukocytes (WBCs) Complete cells (nuclei & organelles) 5 Types of WBC:
Granulocytes – contain granules
Types– neutrophils, basophils, & eosinophils
2. Agranulocytes – lack granules
Types– lymphocytes and monocytes

18. Leukocytes (WBCs)

19. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Essential for clotting; occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or injured
Form plug that helps seal break when they stick to damaged site
Megakaryocytes in bone marrow
Thrombopoietin

20. Platelets (Thrombocytes)

21. Coagulation (blood clotting)
Hemostasis
Procoagulants (clotting factors) – enhance clot formation
Anticoagulants – factors that inhibit clotting; heparin

22. Hemostasis 4 phases: Constrict blood vessel; reduce blood loss
Platelet plug hole & attract more platelets
Platelet plug injury and coagulate; thrombin and fibrogen form fibrin mesh
- traps blood cells, seals hole until blood vessel can be fully repaired
3. Blood clot formation and retraction

23. Coagulation (blood clotting)

24. Blood Type
antigen –chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibodies
antibody –protein immune system produces in presence of nonself antigen; reacts with antigen
antibodies made limit receiving blood from certain types
Rh factor: + or - Rh – exposure forms antibodies to it

25. Blood Type Antigen Antibody A A anti-B B B anti-A
AB A and B *neither anti-A nor anti-B
O **neither Both anti-A
A nor B and anti-B
*AB is universal recipient
**O is universal donor

26. RBC Disorders anemia – blood has extremely low
oxygen-carrying capacity due to low number of RBCs, low hemoglobin content, or abnormal hemoglobin

27. Leukocyte Disorders
leukemia – (“white blood”) = rapid, uncontrolled production of clones of cancerous leukocyte; impairs normal bone marrow function
Named after:
Abnormal cell type involved (i.e. lymphocytic leukemia = lymphocytes)
Speed it advances:
acute – quickly advances (blast-type cells)
chronic – slowly advances (later cell stages)

28. Leukocyte Disorders
Infectious mononucleosis – Epstein-Barr virus; makes excessive atypical agranulocytes
No cure; with rest, virus runs its course and recovers in a few weeks