1. Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control (Part 2)

2. Nuclear Proliferation

3. Nuclear Proliferation
The spread of nuclear
weapons.
The “Nuclear Club”
The countries with nuclear
weapons:
5 original members
9 members today
Online News Hour Tracking Proliferation

4. Five Original Nuclear Weapons States
The United States 1945
The Soviet Union 1949
U.K
France
China

5. Additional Nuclear Weapons States
India 1974 /1998
Pakistan 1998
North Korea 2006
Israel (Undeclared) 1967

6. The “Nuclear Club”

9. The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) 1968
Effort to prevent new countries from acquiring nuclear weapons.
Only allowed the five existing nuclear weapons states to have nuclear weapons.
Those five states with nuclear weapons agreed:
1. Not to transfer nuclear weapons technology or materials to any non-nuclear weapons state.
2. To “pursue negotiations” towards nuclear disarmament.

10. Non-Weapons States under the NPT
Non-weapons states agreed
to what?
Not to acquire nukes.
In return, guaranteed access
Nuclear technology for the
the peaceful production
of nuclear power.
Problem posed by that?

11. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
All countries that sign the NPT must agree to permit inspections by the IAEA.
Job of IAEA is to monitor compliance with the NPT.

12. IAEA Inspections

13. Recent Signatories to the NPT
Joined as non-nuclear states
when Soviet Union broke up:
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Ukraine
Ended active nuclear weapons
programs:
Taiwan
South Africa
Brazil
Argentina
Algeria
Iraq
Libya

14. Non-Signatories to the NPT
Only three countries have
refused to join the NPT:
India
Pakistan
Israel
One country withdrew
from the NPT in 2003:
North Korea
One member currently
considered in violation
of treaty:
Iran

17. Review: Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)
Purpose of the treaty?
Which countries are permitted to have nuclear weapons?
The five existing nuclear weapons states agreed to what?
Non-weapons states agreed to what? In return for what?
What is the IAEA?
Four countries not part of the NPT?

18. U.S.-Indian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement

19. U.S.-Indian Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement 2008
For decades India had been
subjected to tough sanctions
for not signing the NPT and
had been denied access to
civilian nuclear technology
and materials.
Bush administration agreed
to recognize India as a
legitimate nuclear weapons
state & lifted trade sanctions
required by the NPT.

20. U.S. – Indian Agreement… Controversial decision: Gives India access to
nuclear commerce even
though it hasn’t signed
the NPT.
U.S. companies can now
sell nuclear fuel, nuclear
reactors, and other nuclear
technology to India.