1. SIE 515 Design and Usability
Lecture 6

2. Today’s Schedule HCI and design Goal of design Design cycle
User-centered design
Persona
Storyboards
Prototyping
Wizard of Oz

3. Design Definition: Achieving goals within given constraints Why care?
Moving from designer-centric philosophy to user- centered design.
Why care?
Quantitative factors = learning time, performance, error, & satisfaction
Increased productivity, efficiency, & safety
Important both for end-user and company employees

4. HCI and the Design Cycle
Know your user
Designing for single and multiple users
Multi-layered design
Avoid gulf between user demands and user capabilities
Three design considerations
Frequent vs. infrequent users
Mandatory vs. discretionary users
Novice vs. expert users

5. Design Considerations
Start by knowing materials and methods to obtain desired result
Difficult for HCI design because of human factors
Make mistakes, variability, not always predictable
Human error usually equals design error, not operator error

6. A320 Crash
Click below to play video

7. Toyota Design Problem
5.6 Million Vehicles
Costing Toyota
$2 Billion

8. Overview of the Interaction Design Process
Analysis
task analysis
scenarios
Design
guidelines
Principles
precise specification
What is Wanted?
interviews
ethnography
what is there
vs.
what is wanted
Implement
and Deploy
Documentation
Help
Evaluation
& Heuristics
prototype

9. User-Centered Design Involve user at all levels of design process
Provides feedback loop (gold standard of HCI design)
Problem with this model
User variability
General-purpose applications
Design for the generic user = bad
Problem because: least common denominator or miss important potential users

10. Different Distributions
Gaussian
Trimodal
Bimodal
Skewed

11. Designing for Multiple Users
Design based on subset of users and parameters that sample across distribution
Avoids regression to the mean
To be effective, designer must get in user’s head
Don’t design for yourself (subjective bias)
Show problems through observation and demonstration
Formal techniques = interviews, focus groups, observation

12. Participatory Design Incorporate user throughout design cycle
Benefits:
Most usable end-product
Cost-benefit analysis
Users become personally involved in design
Problems with this model

13. Persona of Maryann
Maryann is 33 years old, she has been a Butcher for seven years for Hannaford Brothers. She graduated with a Masters in Bovine Studies from the University of Maine. She has four children (ages 2, 6, 8, and 9), and does not like to work late. She did part of an introductory computer course some years ago, but it was interrupted when she became pregnant with her fourth child. She is near-sighted, and her right-hand movement is slightly restricted, following a motorcycle accident three years ago with her ex-husband Hank. She is enthusiastic about her work and is happy to delegate responsibility and take suggestions from her staff. Her previous training with computers fostered an interest in new technologies to be used at work.

14. Storyboards Scenarios
Storyboard = Conceptual snapshots
Good for obtaining user feedback without preconception
Inexpensive
Problem = linear, single path of user interaction

15. Design Question

16. Storyboard Problems

17. Storyboard Solutions

18. Prototyping Focus on hardware and software development
Mockups
Simulations
Animation
Users identify problems
Done throughout design cycle

19. Throw-away prototyping requirements
Preliminary
requirements
Build
Prototype
Evaluate
Prototype no
Adequate?
yes
Final
requirements

20. Prototyping Machines

21. Other Prototyping Techniques
Incremental prototyping
Evolutionary prototyping
High and low fidelity prototypes
Wizard of Oz techniques
Iterative design

23. For Next Class Assignment 6:
Task 1: Read Shneiderman Chapter 4: Sections 4.1 through 4.6 
Task 2: Answer the following questions: What are the most important contributions from the reading? How do these factors relate to good design? Give an example.
Task 3: Identify questions or issues that you would like to talk more about during class/on the participation blog.
Post your response to the blog by 11:59PM on 2/8/16.