1. Lesson XXII

2. Day 1

3. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

4. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

5. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

6. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

7. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

8. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

9. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

10. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

11. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

12. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

13. Daily Log
Decline lex.

14. Textbook 1. Read pages 58-59 as a class.
2. Workbook page 115 as a class, Word Study and Grammar, numbers 1-5 only.

15. Day 2

16. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

17. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

18. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

19. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

20. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

21. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

22. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

23. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

24. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

25. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

26. Daily Log Look at page 58 in your textbook. Look at the vocabulary.
What do you notice about all of the 3rd declension vocabulary that ends in ‘x’?
They are feminine in gender.
What about rex?
Rex is masculine.
Rex is masculine because it has ____________ gender.
Natural
Natural gender trumps all other gender.
What can help you remember the gender of third declension nouns?
Almost all 3rd declension nouns that end in X are feminine.

27. Vocabulary
Make vocabulary cards or write the vocabulary in your notebook.

28. On your own - Workbook
#6, page 115 and vocabulary.

29. Day 3

30. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

31. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

32. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

33. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

34. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

35. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

36. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

37. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

38. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

39. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

40. Daily log
Decline canis.

41. Workbook
Finish page 115 and then go over as a class.

42. Workbook
Do page 116 as a class.

43. Day 4

44. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

45. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

46. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

47. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

48. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

49. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

50. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

51. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

52. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

53. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

54. Daily Log
Decline vox.

55. Workbook
Page 117 as a class.

56. Day 5

57. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

58. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

59. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

60. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

61. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

62. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

63. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

64. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

65. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

66. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

67. Daily Log
Decline sol.

68. Workbook
Page 118 as a class.

69. Day 6

70. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

71. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

72. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

73. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

74. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

75. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

76. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

77. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

78. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

79. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

80. Daily Log
Decline pes.

81. Workbook
Page 119 as a class.

82. Day 7

83. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

84. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

85. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

86. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

87. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

88. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

89. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

90. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

91. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

92. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

93. Daily Log
Decline lux.

94. Workbook
Page 119 as a class.

95. Day 8

96. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

97. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

98. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

99. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

100. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

101. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

102. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

103. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

104. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

105. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

106. Daily Log
Decline mos.

107. Pax Romana Look at the map on page 59 of your text book again.
What continents were part of the Roman Empire?
What sea did the Roman Empire surround?
Why was this time period called the Pax Romana?

108. Pax Romana Watch this short video about the Pax Romana.

109. Oral Drill
Page 111 with a partner and then with the teacher.

110. Day 9

111. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

112. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

113. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

114. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

115. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

116. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

117. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

118. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

119. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

120. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

121. Game Day!

122. Day 10

123. - Recitation Present tense, personal pronoun endings
Imperfect tense endings
Future tense endings
Amo, conjugated, present tense
Amo, conjugated, imperfect tense
Amo, conjugated, future tense
1st declension endings (feminine)
2nd declension endings, masculine
2nd declension endings, neuter
Principal Parts of amo: amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Principal Parts of do: do, dare, dedi, datus
Principal Parts of sto: sto, stare, steti, status
Principal Parts of iuvo: iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus
Principal Parts of lavo: lavo, lavare, lavi, lautus

124. Recitation Give the five vowels in English.
Give the five vowels in Latin.
Always in Latin the c and the g are pronounced ______.
Verb families are called _____.
How many conjugations are there?
Name them.
Give the six attributes of Latin.
Give the three grammar persons.
The first person is the person _______.
The second person is the person _________.
The third person is the person ____________.
Give the two grammar numbers. ______ & _______.
How many Latin tenses are there? ______.

125. Give the names of the three forms of the English present tense.
I praise is the _____ present, I am praising is the _____ present and I do praise is the _______ present.
In Latin the imperfect tense means not finished.
The imperfect tense sign is ba.
The imperfect tense is used to describe an ______ or _______ action in the past.
On-going/interrupted
What are the English helping verbs of the imperfect tense?
Was and were
What are two basic parts of a sentence?
The subject and the predicate
The subject is
Who or what the sentence is about
The predicate tells
What the subject is or does.
What is sentence pattern #1?
Subject + verb
What English helping verb translates the Latin future tense?
Will
The three tenses that make up the present system are __________.
Present, imperfect, future
The Present System is built on the present stem.

126. Recitation What are the Principal Parts and how many are there?
The forms that provide the stems needed to conjugate a verb in all its tenses. There are usually four principal parts.
What is the name of the second principal part?
The infinitive.
The infinitive ending for all first conjugation verbs is _____.
-are
How do you find the present stem?
Drop the re from the infinitive.
The English infinitive is written with the particle ________ before the verb. To
The to be verb shows existence and not action.
Give the English forms of the to be verb.
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Give the regular endings for the principal parts of 1st conjugation verbs.
O, are, avi, atus
What is sentence pattern 2?
Subject + verb + direct object

127. Something that completes an action of a verb is a _______.
Complement
What is the first complement in this text?
The complementary infinitive
In Latin grammar, perfect means _______.
Finished
The perfect tense describes what kind of action?
A one-time action completed in the past
The perfect tense is built on the _______ stem.
Perfect
How do you find the perfect stem?
Drop the I from the third principal part.
Give three translations of vocavi.
I called, I have called, I did call
What English helping verbs translate the perfect tense?
Have, has, did
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
The pluperfect tense is built on the ________ stem.
Perfect
The pluperfect tense describes what kind of past action?
An action completed prior to another past action.
The future perfect tense is built on the _____ stem.
The future perfect tense describes an action in the future completed prior to another action in the future.
What English helping verbs translate the future perfect tense?
Will and have
The future perfect tense endings are identical to the future tense of (sum) except for (3rd person plural).
The tenses of the Perfect System are _______________
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
Verb families are called __________.
Conjugations
And noun families are called __________.
Declensions
How many declensions are there? Name them
First, second, third, fourth, fifth

128. Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Three important exceptions to the rule are:
Poeta, nauta, agricola
Latin does not have the English articles:
A, an, the
Give three translations for the Latin noun, mensa
Table, a table, the table
The genitive singular of a 2nd declension noun always ends in I
Second declension nouns that end in us are usually what gender?
Masculine
Name the two subgroups of the 2nd declension, and give their gender:
Us nouns with masculine gender
Um nouns with neuter gender
Verbs have tense personal endings and nouns have case endings.
Second declension UM nouns are always _______________.
Neuter
The declension a noun belongs to is determined by the ________________.
Genitive singular.
The natural gender rule trumps all other gender rules.
What is the neuter rule?
Nominative and accusative endings are the same, nominative and accusative plural endings are the same –a
Give the four attributes of nouns?
Declension, gender number, case.
The three genders are:
Feminine, masculine, neuter
Nouns that name male or female persons or animals have
Natural gender
Nouns that name non-living things have
Grammatical gender
Name the cases in order
Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative
What is the subject case?
Nominative
What is the direct object case?
Accusative
What is the possessive case?
Genitive
What is the in/by/with/from case?
Ablative
What is the indirect object case?
What is the to/for case?
Dative
What is the of case?
The genitive singular of a first declension noun always end in? Ae
First declension nouns are usually what gender?
Feminine

129. The subject and verb must agree in _____________.
person and number.
What is an adjective?
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
In Latin an adjective must agree with its noun in ____________.
Gender, number, case, but not in
Declension
Usually an adjective of quantity precedes (comes before) a noun and adjective of quality follows the noun.
Counting numbers are called ____________.
Cardinal
Numbers which indicate the order in a series are called _____________.
Ordinal
What is sentence pattern #3?
Subject + linking verb + predicate adjective.
What is sentence Pattern #4?
Subject + linking verb + predicate nominative.

130. The genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun always ends in
-is
How can you name the genitive singular of a 3rd declension noun?
You have to memorize it.
Masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension have the same case endings.
How do you find the stem of a Latin noun?
Drop the genitive singular ending.
The usual word order for an English sentence is _____________________.
subject – verb – direct object
How many of the seven basic sentence patterns have complements?
six

131. 3rd Declension Case Endings
Singular
Plural
Nominative -
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative -i
-ibus
Accusative
-em
Ablative -e

132. Vocabulary Canis – dog Crux – cross Lex – law Lux – light Mos – custom
Panis – bread
Pax – peace
Pes – foot
Sol – sun
Vox – voice
Pax Romana – The Roman Peace

133. Quiz Lesson XXII