1. British Imperialism in India
As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seizes Indian territory and soon it controls almost the whole subcontinent.

2. British Expand Control Over India

3. East India Company Dominates
British East India Company rules India until the 1850s.
Company has its own army led by British officers
Army is staffed by Sepoys—Indian soldiers.
Flag of the British East India Company (right); A painting showing a sowar (Sepoy), 6th Madras Light Cavalry of British India. Circa 1845 (below)

4. Britain’s Jewel in the Crown”
India is Britain’s most valuable colony, or “jewel in the crown.”
Forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing
Also forced to buy British goods

5. British Transport Trade Goods
Railroads move cash crops and goods faster
Trade in specific crops is tied to international events

6. Impact of Colonialism
British hold much of political and economic power
Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency and cause famine
Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes
British modernize India’s economy, improve public health

8. Sepoy Mutiny: Underlying and Immediate Causes
Underlying Causes
Religious Frictions: Some British officers actively attempted to convert the sepoys to Christianity although the British East India Company discouraged it. The sepoys resented imposing Christianity and Christian laws in India.
Doctrine of the Lapse: The Company automatically seized land from a feudal leader who died without leaving an heir.
Unfair justice system toward Indians. British officers accused of crimes against Indians were granted multiple appeals and advantages when being tried.
High Caste Sepoys: The Bengal Army of sepoys were recruited from a higher caste of Indians. Therefore, if the high caste sepoys were considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society.
Immediate Cause
The Enfield Rifle: It required the solder to bite the cartridge and hold the ball in his mouth when loading the rifle. The belief that the cartridge was lubricated with animal fat (either pork or beef) offended both Muslims and Hindus.

9. The old gun: an India pattern smoothbore Brown Bess Musket
The old gun: an India pattern smoothbore Brown Bess Musket. Notice this is a flintlock musket.
1853 Enfield Rifle-Musket. Notice this gun uses a percussion cap rather than a flint lock.

10. Sepoy Mutiny
Sepoys refuse to use cartridges of new rifles for religious reasons.
Many Sepoys are jailed; others start the Sepoy Mutiny against the British
Many Indians, especially Sikhs, remain loyal to the British
British put down the rebellion and take direct command of India.

11. Nationalism Surfaces in India
Calls for Reforms
In 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy leads modernization movement
Many Indians adopt western ways and call for social reforms
Indians resent being second- class citizens in their own country.

12. Nationalism Surfaces in India
Nationalist Groups Form
Indian National Congress and Muslim League form
Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal and the pressure forces Britain to divide it differently

13. Modern World History Chapter 11, Section 3 Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

14. Ottoman Empire
Controlled North Africa, parts of Middle East, Turkey, and Balkan Peninsula
As it weakened European powers competed to take its lands
Reasons it weakened:
It was slower to modernize than the rest of Europe
Series of weak emperors following the death of Suleyman the Great
Govt. became corrupt
Heavy inflation
Nationalist feelings in peoples ruled by the empire

15. Europeans Grab Territory
Geopolitics – interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products
Ottoman Empire was attractive to European powers due to its location in the Mediterranean Sea and control of sea trade

16. Crimean War
Russian czars had fought several wars to gain land on the Black Sea to give them access to water for trade
Crimean War – war in 1853 between the Russians and the Ottomans over the peninsula in the Black Sea where most of the fighting took place
France and Britain entered the war on the side of the Ottoman Empire to prevent Russia from gaining more land and defeated the Russians
Russia later helped the Slavic people of the Balkans win their independence when they rebelled against the Ottomans
Ottomans lost control of Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria ↖
Crimea ↗
Balkans

17. “The Great Game”
Another geopolitics struggle during the late 1800s that took place in Afghanistan between Britain and Russia
Russia wanted to extend to India, Britain wanted to extend north, Afghanistan in the middle
Afghanistan was an independent Muslim kingdom
After decades of fighting both Britain and Russia eventually withdrew

18. Modernization in Egypt
To avoid being controlled by European powers, some Muslim leaders decided to modernize
Egypt’s location at the head of the Red Sea was desired by the British and French
New leader Muhammad Ali broke away from the Ottoman Empire began reforms in the military and economy
Cash crop farming of cotton
Later built the Suez Canal

19. Suez Canal
Suez Canal – man-made canal that cut through the Isthmus of Suez that connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea and opened 1869 which was built mainly with private French investments and Egyptian labor
The allowed shipping to go from Europe to the Far East without having to steam around the southern tip of Africa
Egypt fell into debt as it was unable to pay back the European banks it borrowed from
The British insisted on taking financial control of the canal and sent troops to occupy the region in 1882

20. Persia Pressured to Change
Russia and Britain competed over Persia
Russians hoped to gain access to the Persian Gulf ports
British wanted to take advantage of oil found there
Persian rulers gave western businessmen concessions to develop its resources (set up spheres of influence)
Religious leaders fought these concessions as they feared western influences on their people
Tobacco boycott against a foreign business led to riots that spun out of control
Persian ruler was forced to establish a constitution to settle things down