Taking Part 2008 Multivariate analysis December 2008

Taking Part 2008 Multivariate analysis December 2008
© TNS UK Limited. All rights reserved TNS Job Number:

Contents Summary of key findings
‘Top line’ attendance and participation Relating demographics to taking part Variations by sex Variations by age Variations by deprivation Variations by ethnicity Variation by rurality Appendix – summary of definitions and method

Summary of key findings
Overall Overall 90% of the Scottish adult population took part in one or more arts or cultural activity. However, lower proportions of people aged 65 and over, disabled people and members of ethnic minorities had done so (79%, 79% and 80% respectively). Excluding attending the cinema, reading books and buying books 73% of the population had taken part in one or more other arts or cultural activity. Using this definition, lower levels of participation were recorded amongst people aged 65 and over, disabled people, members of ethnic minorities and residents of deprived areas (58%, 57%, 61% and 67% respectively). Statistical analysis indicates that levels or taking part are most closely related to educational qualification and social class (defined by NS-SEC) while other factors such as sex, residence of a rural area and residence of a deprived area have less impact. Correspondingly multi-variate analysis has shown that the most significant demographic ‘predictor’ of arts attendance and participation is level of educational qualification. This analysis has also shown that working status, age and social class are also significant amongst certain groups.

Variations by sex Using the broadest definition of taking part (i.e. all arts), 91% of women and 89% of men participated. When cinema, reading and buying books are excluded from the definition this decreases to 75% of women and 71% of men. Both of these differences are small (and within statistical margins of error) which suggests that, in itself, sex does not have an impact upon levels of taking part. However, amongst certain groups the proportion of women taking part is notably higher than amongst men. This is particularly the case amongst older people (esp. aged 65+), people with no academic qualifications and people in the lower social classes. Variations by age – over 65 In terms of all arts, 79% of people aged 65 and over took part compared to 92% of younger people. When cinema, reading and buying books are removed from the definition, participation decreases to 58% of those aged 65 and over and 78% of those under 65. Both of these differences are large, especially when cinema, reading and buying books are removed from the definition. This suggests that whether or not someone is aged 65 or over does have an impact upon levels of taking part. The differences between people aged 65 and over and younger people are largest amongst those in lower social classes but smaller amongst those with a degree qualification.

Variations by age – 16 to 24 In terms of all arts, 96% of people aged 16 to 24 took part compared to 89% of older people. When cinema, reading and buying books are removed from the definition, 79% of those aged 16 to 24 and over took part compared to 72% of those over 24. Both of these differences are fairly large which suggests that whether or not someone is aged 16 to 24 has an impact upon levels of taking part. While younger people are generally more likely to take part than those in older age groups, this is not the case amongst those with a degree qualification and those in the highest social class. Amongst these groups, older people are equally or more likely to take part. Variations by disability Overall, 79% of people with a disability took part in any arts compared to 91% of people without a disability. When cinema, reading and buying books are removed from the definition, participation decreases to 57% of disabled people and 77% of people without a disability. Both of these differences are large, especially when excluding cinema, reading and buying books. This suggests that whether or not someone has a disability has an impact upon their levels of taking part. Excluding cinema, reading and buying books, the differences between people with and without disabilities are smallest amongst those under 45, those in the highest social classes and, most notably, those with a degree qualification.

Variations by residence of deprived area (see appendix for definition) In terms of all arts, 86% of people living in deprived areas took part compared to 90% of those living in other areas. When cinema, reading and buying books are removed from the definition the variation is greater with 67% of those living in deprived areas taking part compared to 74% of those living in other areas. With this tighter definition the difference is fairly large which suggests that, on this basis, living in a deprived area has an influence on participation levels. However, it is notable that residents of deprived areas with a degree are as likely as residents of other areas with a degree to take part in arts and cultural activities. Also, participation levels amongst those with no qualifications are equally low in both deprived and not deprived areas. Variations by ethnicity Overall, 80% of members of ethnic minorities took part in any arts activities compared to 90% of those with a white ethnic background. When cinema, reading and buying books are removed from the definition, this decreases to 61% of members of ethnic minorities and 73% of those with a white ethnic background. Both of these differences are large, especially when cinema, reading and buying books are removed from the definition. This suggests that whether or not someone is a member of ethnic minority impacts upon their levels of taking part. Amongst members of ethnic minority communities, levels of taking part vary greatly by age. Notably, 56% of members of ethnic minorities aged 65 or over took part in any arts compared to 81% of those with a white ethnicity who were in that age group.

Variations by residence of rural areas (see appendix for definition) Including all arts, 90% of people living in rural areas took part, the same level as in other, more urban parts of Scotland. When cinema, reading and buying books are removed from the definition 72% of those living in a rural areas were recorded as taking part, similar to the 74% recorded in other areas. This variation is very small and not statistically significant which suggests that whether or not someone lives in a rural area has little or no impact on their likelihood to take part in arts and cultural activities.

Attendance and participation by under-represented group
Any arts Any arts other than cinema, reading & buying books Women Women 90% of adult population ‘take part’ in any arts activities. 73% of adult population ‘take part’ in arts related activities other than cinema and reading & buying books. Men Men Aged 16 to 24 Aged 16 to 24 Aged 25 and over Aged 25 and over Lower levels amongst those aged 65 and over, disabled people and ethnic minorities. Aged 65 and over Aged 65 and over Lower levels amongst those aged 65 and over, residents of deprived areas, disabled people and ethnic minorities. Aged 16 to 64 Aged 16 to 64 Rural areas Rural areas Urban areas Urban areas Deprived areas Deprived areas Other areas Other areas Ethnic minorities Ethnic minorities White ethnicity White ethnicity Disabled Disabled Not disabled Not disabled

Relating demographics to taking part
Which demographic variables are correlated to taking part in arts and cultural activity? Any arts other than cinema, reading & buying books Any arts With both definitions, highest educational qualification is most closely correlated to participation. Higher correlation Higher correlation Using the tighter definition (i.e. excluding cinema, reading & buying books), disability is more closely related to participation. Gamma test ‘rule of thumb’ Above 0.4 – strong relationship 0.2 to 0.3 – moderate relationship 0.1 to 0.2 – slight relationship Less than 0.1 – little or no relationship Lower correlation Lower correlation

Multi-variate tree analysis All arts
Taking part is highest amongst those still in full time education and those with a degree who are aged 45 to 64. Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part
Multi-variate tree analysis Excluding cinema and reading & buying books Excluding cinema and reading, taking part in is highest amongst those with a degree who are working or retired. Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Variations by sex © 2008 TNS UK Limited. All rights reserved
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Male/ female comparison All arts
By age By NS-SEC By working status By education . Amongst the adult population, 91% of women and 89% of men take part. Little or no difference suggesting that sex has little impact on taking part. However, sex has more of an influence amongst: People with no qualifications Retired people Those aged 65 and over Those in NS-SEC 3, 4 and 5 Amongst these groups, women are more likely to take part.

Male/ female comparison Excluding cinema and reading & buying books
By age . Excluding cinema, reading and buying books, 75% of women and 71% of men take part. An insignificant difference suggesting that sex has little if any impact on taking part. However, sex has more of an influence amongst: Those aged 45 and over Those in NS-SEC 3, 4 and 5 Those who work part time or are retired Those with HNC, HND or no qualifications Amongst these groups, women are more likely to take part. By NS-SEC By working status By education

Tree-analysis split by sex All arts
Whether any qualifications are held has most impact on whether both men and women participate. Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Tree-analysis split by sex Excluding cinema and reading & buying books
Again education qualification is most significant amongst both men and women. Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Variations by age © 2008 TNS UK Limited. All rights reserved
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Comparison of those aged over and under 65 years All arts
By NS-SEC By education . Overall, 79% of those aged 65+ take part compared to 92% aged 16 to 64. A large difference suggesting that being aged 65 or over has an influence on taking part. Variations by age are most significant amongst: Those in NS-SEC 3, 4 and 5 Those with only a school qualification. But age has little or no impact amongst those: With a degree With no qualifications In NS-SEC class 1.

Comparison of those aged over and under 65 years Excluding cinema and reading & buying books
By NS-SEC . 58% of those aged 65+ take part in arts or cultural activities other than cinema, reading & buying books. This compares to 78% of those aged 16 to 64. A large difference, suggesting that being aged 65 or over has an influence on likelihood to take part. Variations by age are most significant amongst those in NS-SEC 2, 3, 4 and 5 However age has less impact amongst those with a degree. By education

Comparison of those aged 16 to 24 and 25 and over All arts
By NS-SEC . Overall, 96% of those aged take part compared to 89% aged 25 and over. A large enough difference to suggest that age has an influence on taking part. Variations by age are most significant amongst those in NS-SEC 4 and 5 and the unemployed. In these groups, young people are much more likely to take part. But age has little or no impact amongst those: Working full or part time With a degree In NS-SEC class 1. Sample too small Sample too small By working status By education

Comparison of those aged 16 to 24 and 25 and over Excluding cinema and reading & buying books
By NS-SEC . Excluding cinema, reading and buying books, 79% of those aged take part compared to 72% of those aged 25 and over. A large enough difference to suggest that being in this age group has an influence on taking part. Within NS-SEC classes 4 and 5 those aged 16 to 24 are more likely than those aged 25+ to take part. However, amongst unemployed people and people with a degree, those aged 16 to 24 are less likely to take part than those aged 25+ Sample too small Sample too small By working status By education

Tree-analysis split by age group All arts
The biggest variation in taking part is between those under and over 75 years. Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Tree-analysis split by age group Excluding cinema and reading & buying books People aged under 55 with a degree are most likely to participated or attend any arts excluding cinema, reading & buying books. Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Variations by disability

Disabled/ not disabled comparison All arts
By age . Overall, 79% of disabled people take part compared to 91% amongst those who are not disabled. A large difference suggesting that disability has an influence on taking part. Disability has most impact upon those aged 45 to 64, those who work full or part time, those with no qualifications and those in NS-SEC 4 or 5. But disability has little or no impact amongst those: Aged under 45 or over 65 With any qualifications In NS-SEC classes 1 or 2. By NS-SEC By working status By education

Disabled/ not disabled comparison Excluding cinema and reading & buying books
By age . 57% of disabled people participated in arts excluding cinema, reading and buying books compared to 77% of those without a disability. A large difference suggesting that disability has a large influence on taking part. Disability has most impact upon those aged 45 to 64 and those with no qualifications but less impact amongst those with a degree or in NS-SEC class 1. By NS-SEC By working status By education

Tree-analysis split by disability All arts
Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Tree-analysis split by disability Excluding cinema and reading & buying books Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Variations by deprivation

Comparison between deprived/ non deprived areas All arts
By age Overall, 86% of residents of deprived areas take part compared to 90% in other areas. Little or no difference suggesting that living in a deprived area has a small influence on participation. More variation between deprived and non deprived areas amongst those aged 65 and over and retired people. But similar (or higher) taking part levels in deprived areas amongst other population groups including: People who work full or part time. Unemployed people. Those with no qualifications By NS-SEC Sample too small Sample too small By working status By education Sample too small

Comparison between deprived/ non deprived areas Excluding cinema and reading & buying books
By age Excluding cinema, reading and buying books 67% of residents of deprived areas participated compared to 74% in other areas. This difference suggests that living in a deprived area has an influence on participation when cinema and reading is not included. There is more variation between deprived and non deprived areas amongst those aged 45 to 64 and unemployed people. However taking part levels in deprived areas are similar to those in other areas amongst those with no qualifications (i.e. both low) and those with a degree (i.e. both high). By NS-SEC Sample too small Sample too small By working status By education Sample too small

Tree-analysis split by area of residence All arts
Working status and social class have more impact on taking part than whether someone lives in an area classified as deprived. Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Tree-analysis split by area of residence Excluding cinema and reading & buying books Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Variations by ethnicity

Ethnicity comparison All arts
By age . Overall, 80% of members of ethnic minorities take part compared to 90% of those of white ethnic background. A large difference, suggesting that ethnicity has an impact on participation. Also variations across a range of age, working, NS-SEC and education levels. The largest variations amongst: Those aged 65 and over Retired people Those in NS-SEC class 3 Those with no qualifications Less, but still significant variation amongst other groups: Aged under 45 NS SEC classes 1 and 2 Part time employed and unemployed By NS-SEC By working status By education

Ethnicity comparison Excluding cinema and reading & buying books
By age . 61% of members of ethnic minorities took part in an arts activity other than cinema, reading or buying books compared to 73% of those with a white ethnic background. A large difference, suggesting that ethnicity has an impact on participation. Particularly large variations amongst: Those aged 65 and over Retired people Those with a degree Less variation amongst other groups: Aged under 45 NS SEC classes 1 and 2 Unemployed By NS-SEC By working status By education

Tree-analysis split by ethnicity All arts
Ethnicity has an impact on levels of taking part, especially those without qualifications and older age groups.

Tree-analysis split by ethnicity Excluding cinema and reading & buying books
Only around a quarter (26%) of members of black and minority ethnic communities, aged 45 and over with no qualifications took part in an arts activity other than cinema, reading or buying books.

Variations by rurality

Rural/ urban comparison All arts
By age . Overall, 90% of residents of rural areas take part, the same proportion as in other areas. No difference suggesting that rurality has little or no influence on overall participation levels. Levels of taking part are similar in rural and urban areas amongst most demographic groups. By NS-SEC By working status By education

Rural/ urban comparison Excluding cinema and reading & buying books
By age . Excluding cinema, reading and buying books 72% of residents of rural areas take part compared to 74% in other areas. Not a significant difference suggesting that rurality has little influence on overall participation levels when cinema, reading and buying books are not included. Levels of taking part are similar in rural and not rural areas amongst most demographic groups. By NS-SEC By working status By education

Tree-analysis split by rurality All arts
Highest educational qualification is most significant in both rural and not rural areas. Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Tree-analysis split by rurality Excluding cinema and reading & buying books Yellow cells have above average levels of taking part Grey cells have below average levels of taking part.

Appendix Multi-variate analysis approach
Multivariate analysis was undertaken using SPSS Answer Tree’s CHAID function. Using CHAID, segmentation is based around a single dependent variable, in this case, whether or not a respondent had taken part in any arts or cultural activities, and a number of predictor variables, in this case, sex, age, social class, working status, highest educational qualification, place of residence (rural or not, deprived or not), disability and ethnicity. Significant population segments have then been defined and indexed according to levels of penetration, allowing those with the highest and lowest levels of arts participation to be identified.

Appendix Defining deprived areas
The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) identifies the most deprived areas across Scotland based on indicators relating to income, employment, housing, health, education, skills and training and geographic access to services and telecommunications. SIMD can be analysed according to electoral ward, enabling small pockets of deprivation to be identified. For the purpose of this survey all of Scotland’s 1,222 wards have been ranked from most deprived (1) to least deprived (1,222) and those which fall into the bottom 10% of this ranking have been defined as deprived areas. This approach is consistent with that used by the Scottish Government to define levels of deprivation in small geographical areas. Within the core sample, which represents Scotland’s adult population as a whole, some 358 interviews were undertaken within areas which met this definition. In addition, a further 215 ‘booster’ interviews were carried out within these areas. This group are entitled ‘Residents of deprived areas.’ See for further details.

Appendix Defining rural areas
Within Scotland many issues have an urban and rural context and it is acknowledged that the patterns of attendance and participation in the arts and attitudes towards the arts are no exception. While certain areas of Scotland such as the Highlands or the Borders may be regarded as ‘rural’, it is recognised that some locations within these areas are actually urban. For the 2004, 2006 and 2008 surveys a classification developed by the Scottish Government has been used to define whether an area is rural or urban. This classification builds upon the Scottish Government’s core classification that classifies ‘settlements’ with a population of over 3,000 to be urban. The classification is based on both the size of settlements and how close they are to larger settlements in terms of 'drive times' as described overleaf. For the purposes of this survey these groups have been collapsed into 2 broad categories: Urban and small town– combination of large and other urban areas, accessible and remote small towns – total sample of 1,647 within core sample. Rural – combination of accessible and remote rural – total sample of 463 within core sample. A separate analysis of the 463 interviews undertaken in rural areas is presented in this report. This group are entitled ‘Residents of rural areas.’ See for further details.

Taking Part 2008 Multivariate analysis December 2008

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