1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATION
DIRECT SPEECH :The way of speech in which the actual words of speaker are repeated is called Direct speech or Direct narration.
Example :He says, ”I am ill”.
2) INDIRECT SPEECH :The way in which only the substance of speaker`s speech is given is called Indirect speech or Indirect narration.
Example :He says that he is ill.
There are two parts of Direct speech.
Reported speech : Group of words written in the inverted commas.
Reporting speech : group of words written out of inverted commas.
Example : The teacher said, “Who is next on list ?”
Reporting speech Reported speech

2. CHANGE OF NOUN IN REPORTING SPEECH
TYPE
SUBJECTIVE
POSSESIVE
OBJECTIVE
REFLEXIVE
1st Person
I(singular)
MY,MINE ME
MYSELF
// //
WE(plural)
OUR,OURS US
OURSELF
2nd Person
YOU(singular + plural)
YOUR , YOURS
YOU
YOURSELF
3rd Person
HE(singular)
HIS
HIM
HIMSELF
SHE(singular)
HER,HERS
HER
HERSELF
IT(non- living)
ITS IT
ITSELF
THEY(plural)
THEIRS
THEM
THEMSELVES

3. First person (I,my,we,our,us) of reported speech is change with respect to subject of reporting speech.
EXAMPLES : 1)He said ,”I am writing a letter to my friend.” He said that he was writing a letter to his friend. 2)The boys said ,”we are going for trip.” The boys said that they are going for trip. 3)You said to me ,”I have done my work.” you said to me that you have done your work.

4. Second person (you,yours) of reported is changed with respect to object of reporting speech.
EXAMLES :
I said to him ,”Your letter did not reach me.”
I said to him that his letter had not reach me.
Sajawal said to me ,”you are a good fellow.”
Sajawal said to me that I was a good fellow.
He said to Amjad ,”your hand writing is nice”
He said to Amjad that his hand writing is nice.

5. In reported speech (he,she,it,his,they,them,hers,her,theirs,him,its) does not changed
Example :
I said to him , “He is not good boy.”
I said to him that he is not good boy.
She said ,“It will rain today.”
She said that it will rain that day.
Raza said ,”Her name has been struck off from the college.”
Raza said that her name had been struck off from the college.

6. tenses FORM PRESENT PAST FUTURE CONTINOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINOUS
I am going.
I was going.
I shall be going. //
We are going.
We were going.
We shall be going.
// //
You are going.
You were going.
You will be going.
He is going.
He was going.
He will be going.
It is going.
It was going.
It will be going.
// //
They are going.
They were going.
They will be going.
// //
She is going.
She was going.
She will be going.
PERFECT
I have gone.
I had gone.
I shall have gone.
// //
We have gone.
We had gone.
We shall have gone.
You have gone.
You had gone.
You will have gone.
// //
He has gone.
He had gone.
He will have gone.
She has gone.
She had gone.
She will have gone.
It has gone.
It had gone.
It will have gone.
They have gone.
They had gone.
They will have gone.
PERFECT CONTINOUS
I have been going.
I had been going.
I shall have been going.
// //
We have been going.
We shall have been going.
You have been going.
He had been going.
You shall have been going.
He has been going.
He will have been going.
She has been going.
She had been going.
She will have been going.
It has been going.
It had been going.
It will have been going.
They have been going.
They had been going.
They will have been going.

7. If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of verb in the reported speech remain unchanged.
EXAMPLE :
They will say, “We are happy.”
They will say that they are happy.
You will say , “He is a lawyer .”
you will say that he is lawyer.
He says, ”I have my duty.”
He says that has done his duty.

8. If reporting verb is in past tense, the verb in the reported speech is changed accordingly
Present indefinite changes into past indefinite.
Present continuous changes into past continuous.
Present perfect changes into past perfect.
Present perfect continues changes into past perfect continuous.
Past indefinite changes into past perfect.
Past continues changes into past perfect continuous.
Can changes into could.
Shall/will changes into should/would.
May changes into might.

9. EXAMPLES : Alina said ,”The boys write letters. ” (pre ind)
Alina said that the boys wrote letters. (past ind)
He said , “I am writing a letter.” (pre con)
He said that he was writing a letter (past con)
She said , “I have finish my work.” (pre par)
she said that she had finished her work. (past par)
Sawal said , “I was writing a letter.” (past con)
Sawal said that he had been writing a letter. (past per con)
He said ,”I may reach soon.”
He said that he might reach soon.

10. Change of certain words
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Now
Then
These
Those
Thus So
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The next day
Last night
The previous night
Next week
The following week
Just
This
That
Here
There
Ago
Before
To night
That night
Yesterday
The previous day
Hence
Thence

11. Assertive sentences
Said of reporting verb is changed into told . If object is not given in reported speech than said is not changed.
EXAMPLES :
They said ,”we have done our duty”
They said that they have done their duty.
She said to teacher ,”I was not making a noise”
She told teacher that she had not been making a noise.
He said to me ,”you are not running very fast.”
He told me that I was not running very fast.

12. Interrogative sentence
Said in reporting verb is changed into asked or inquired.
EXAMPLE :
The doctor said to me ,”Do you smoke ?”
The doctor asked me if I smoke.
Ali said ,”Are you feeling well ?”
Ali asked if I was feeling well.
I said to him ,”When do you get up ?”
I asked to him when he got up.