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CJ in the USA:
Corrections
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2. Upon completion of this Module, the student will be able to:
Summarize the process of classification and assignment
Describe the various types and levels of prisons
Indicate the rehabilitation services provided in modern prisons
Discuss the security measures used in a modern prison
Explain the functions of jails
Define probation and parole
Identify the pros and cons of privatization
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Introduction
Corrections system
Prisons
Range from open security to maximum security
Probation and parole
Privatization
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Prisons
Classification and Assignment
Security level determined through
Evaluations
Psychological
Skills
Intelligence
Review offender files and records
Evaluations and review determine the most appropriate security level and programs for the inmate
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Prisons Today
The United States leads the world in incarcerating its citizens
The types or levels of prison facilities include:
Supermax
Maximum-security
Close high-security
Medium-security
Minimum-security
Multilevel
Open security
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Rehabilitation
Most prisons provide services for rehabilitating inmates
Self-help groups
Work assignments
Psychotherapy and social therapy
Client-centered therapy
Behavior modification
Operant conditioning
Aversive conditioning
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Federal Prisons
Administered by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
“Prisoner Bill of Rights”
Clean, decent surroundings
Right to maintain ties to family and community
Master Plan
Smaller facilities
Literacy training
Rehabilitation
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Federal Prisons
Wardens
Dual role of ensuring security and chief executive officer of facility
Prison security
Physical barriers, including “sally ports”
Security policies
“Count”
“Shakedowns”
“Lockdown”
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Federal Prisons
Services for Inmates
Medical
Dental
Religious services
Academic opportunities
Vocational training
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Jails
Jails are typically run by county or city governments for suspected or convicted adults held for more than 48 hours
Process infraction, misdemeanor and felony offenses
Pending arraignment, trial, conviction, or sentencing
Readmit probation/parole and bond violators
Operate community-based programs with day reporting, home detention, electronic tethers, etc.
Hold inmates sentenced to less than 1 year
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Jails
Jail populations
Predominately male
Minorities are over-represented
Small percentage under 18
Challenges include:
Personnel selection and training
Overcrowding
Obsolete facilities
Lack of recreational facilities
Limited funding
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Parole
Parole is the release of a prison inmate by a board prior to the sentence end date
Two types of parole
Independent model – parole board is responsible for supervision
Consolidated model – supervision of released persons is by commissioner of corrections
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Parole
Recidivism factors when determining parole include:
Disciplinary problems in prison
Prior recidivism
Prior record of crimes
Age
Education level
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Probation
Probation is a community-based punishment for lesser offenses that requires certain court-ordered conditions, such as:
Maintaining employment or attending school
Receiving substance-abuse counseling
If probation is violated, jail or prison time may have to be served
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Privatization
Privatization refers to privately owned and run correctional facilities
Corrections Corporation of America and Wackenhut Corrections Corporation own about 75% of private prison beds in U.S.
31 states have at least one privately operated jail or prison
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Privatization
Advantages
Increase new prisoner housing capacity
Government resources for other priorities
Decreased costs overall for corrections
Disadvantages
“Punishment for profit”
Financial political influence
Lower paid, less trained personnel creates poorly managed facilities
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Privatization
Types of private facilities
For-profit prisons, jails, halfway houses
Non-profit organizations such as work release programs
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Summary
The corrections facet is charged with the care and rehabilitation of inmates.
There are several types or levels of prison facilities, based upon security needs.
Jails are usually run by city or county governments, and are typically used for temporary housing.
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Summary
Parole is the release of a prison inmate before sentence expires.
Probation is community punishment that requires the offender to comply with certain court-ordered conditions.
Correction institutions are increasingly owned and run by private corporations that contract with the federal or state governments to house prisoners.
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