1. kidney

3. White Blood Cells Leukocytes

4. White Blood Cells
Leukocytes
Protect against disease

5. Granulocytes Agranulocytes Monocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
Lymphocytes

6. Types of Leucocytes

8. Development of Neutrophils

9. Stages of Leucopoiesis (Eosinophils)
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell
Committed stem cell (CFU-GM) Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Early Eosinophilic Myelocyte
Late Eosinophilic Myelocyte
Eosinophilic Metamyelocyte
Eosinophil

10. Stages of Leucopoiesis (Basophils)
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell
Committed stem cell (CFU-GM) Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Early Basophilic Myelocyte
Late Basophilic Myelocyte
Mature Basophil

11. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Leukocytes are the least numerous of the cellular elements.
1 WBC for every 700 RBCs.(they are merely in transit while in blood).

12. General Characteristics of WBC

13. Neutrophils

14. Neutrophils 54% - 62% of leukocyte
Fine abundant Purple granules in acid- base stain
Lobed nucleus.
The granules contain enzymes
Proteases
Myeloperoxidases
Elastases

15. Neutrophils Also contain antibiotic like substances Defensins
Membrane contains
NADPH oxidase
All these are helpful in destroying the bacteria and toxic substances
Each can kill 3-20 bacteria.
Elevated in bacterial infections .
14-13

16. Eosinophils

17. Eosinophils 1% - 4% of leukocytes
Deep red coarse granules in acid stain
Bilobed nucleus (usually)
Elevated in worm (Parasitic infestations) and allergic reaction.
14-15

18. Basophils

19. Basophils Less than 1% of leukocytes
Deep blue Coarse granules in basic stain
2-3 lobed nucleus
Release histamine, bradykinin and serotonin
Release heparin
Have receptors for IgE
Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
14-14

20. Monocyte

21. Monocytes 3% - 9% of leukocytes Largest blood cell
Kidney-shaped or oval nuclei
Secrete
Interleukin-I
Platelet activating factor
Colony stimulating factor
Leave bloodstream to become macrophages
Elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis
14-16

22. Lymphocytes

23. Lymphocytes About the size of RBC Large spherical nuclei
Thin rims of cytoplasm
T cells
B cells
Important in immunity
Produce antibodies
25% - 33% of leukocytes
Decreased T Cells in AIDS
14-17

24. LEUCOCYTES (DLC) Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes
Neutrophils %
Eosinophils %
Basophils %
Mononuclear Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes %
Monocytes %

26. Normally 2/3 of circulating leukocytes are granulocytes (mostly neutrophils).
1/3 are agranulocytes (mostly lymphocytes).
Number and % change according to the defense needs of the body.

27. LIFE SPAN of WBCs
Granulocytes- 4 to 8 hrs after being released from the bone marrow in the blood
4 to 5 days in tissues.
Monocytes- 10 to 20 hrs in blood
Tissue macrophages live for months.
Lymphocytes- weeks or months.
Platelets –replaced once every 10 days,
30,000 platelets formed each day /microliter of blood.

28. Clinical Significance
Leucocytosis
Acute inflammations/infection→↑ Neutrophils
Chronic inflammation →↑ Lymphocytes
Allergy, worm infestation →↑ Eosinophils
Leucopenia
Bone marrow depression
X rays
Atomic radiation specially gamma rays
Chemicals
Some infections e.g. typhoid fever

29. Properties of Leucocytes
Margination
Diapedesis
Amoeboid movement
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
Opsonization

30. Properties of Neutrophils
Phagocytosis
Chemotaxis
Diapedesis
Margination

31. Diapadesis
Leukocytes squeeze through capillary walls to enter tissue space outside the blood vessel
14-18

32. Chemotaxis
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© 2005 Elsevier

33. Chemotaxis Inflamed area produce chemicals
Which attract neutrophils and Macrophages
Chemotactic substances are
Bacterial or viral toxins
Degenerative products of inflamed tissue
Complement complexes
Plasma clotting in the inflamed tissue

34. Phagocytosis Recognition Attachment and binding Pseudopodia around
Ingestion (Neutrophils 5-20 bacteria Macrophage upto100 bacteria)
Phagocytic vesicle or phagosome
Lysosomal digestion
Leukocytes consume and destroy foreign invaders and dead cells
Ejected as Pus

35. Opsonins Most microorganisms will NOT be phagocytosed without opsonins
Primary Opsonins
IgG
Complement factor C3
Pseudopods extend to cover particle (but only the part that is opsonized)
Changes the organism’s surface attractive “tasty” to phagocytes

36. (Opsonization & Phagocytosis)

37. Reticuloendothelial system (Monocyte-macrophage system)

38. Reticuloendothelial system (Monocyte-macrophage system)
The total combination of
Monocytes
Mobile Macrophages
Fixed Tissue Macrophages
Specialized Endothelial cells

39. Histiocytes Tissue macrophages in the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
Attack and destroy the invading agent.

40. Macrophages in Lymph nodes

41. MACROPHAGES IN THE LYMPH NODE If the particles are not destroyed locally in the tissues they enter lymph and flow to the lymph nodes. The foreign particles are trapped in these nodes in a meshwork of sinuses lined by tissue macrophages. Macrophages phagocytize them and prevent their spread throughout the body.

42. Alveolar Macrophages
Macrophages present in the lungs

43. ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES IN THE LUNGS
Many invading organisms enter the body through the lungs.
Large number of tissue macrophages are present in the alveolar walls which can phagocytize particles that become entrapped in the alveoli.
If particles are digestible, macrophages can digest them and release the digestive products into the lymph.
If not digestible, macrophages form a giant cell capsule around the particle until slowly dissolves e.g T.B bacilli, silica dust and carbon particles.

44. Kupffer Cells
Macrophages present in the liver sinusoids

46. KUPFFER CELLS IN THE LIVER SINUSOIDS
Many bacteria invade via GIT.
Bacteria pass through the GIT mucosa and enter the portal blood.
Before this blood enter the general circulation it passes through the sinusoids of the liver.
These sinusoids are lined by the tissue macrophages called KUPFFER CELLS.
These form an effective particulate filtration system. Almost none of the bacteria pass from the portal blood to the general circulation.

47. MACROPHAGES OF THE SPLEEN AND BONE MARROW
Invading organism enters the general circulation
Bone marrow
Spleen
Trabeculae of the red pulp
Venous sinuses

48. Inflammation & Role of Leucocytes

49. Inflammation
The changes occurring at and around the area of tissue injury caused by bacteria, trauma, chemicals, heat etc are collectively called
Inflammation.
This is basically local response of the body to the injury.

50. Tissue Macrophages – 1st line of defense
Neutrophils nd line of defense
Second macrophage invasion--- 3rd line of defence .
Stimulation of CFU-GM system --- 4th line of defense

51. Inflammation Macrophages –1st line of defense Local tissue macrophages
Swelling and enlargement of local macrophages
Histiocytes, alveolar macrophages, microglia, Kupffer cells etc
Macrophages are more powerful phagocytes than neutrophils.
Cause destruction of invading antigen or bacteria
Tissue macrophages may become wandering again

52. Inflammation 2nd line of defense - Neutrophils Margination Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis

53. Third line of defense is the second macrophage invasion.
Along with the invasion of neutrophils monocytes from the blood enter the inflammed tissue and enlarge to become macrophages.
Storage pool of monocytes in the bone marrow is smaller than neutrophils
Monocytes require 8 hours to swell and develop tremendous quantities of lysosomes.
After several weeks macrophages predominate because of production by the bone marrow.

54. 4th line of defense - stimulation of CFU-GM system
Both granulocytes and monocytes
Takes 3 or 4 days before newly formed cells leave the bone marrow.

55. CONTROL OF MACROPHAGE RESPONSE TO INFLAMMATION
GM-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF
TNF
IL-1

56. Clinical Significance
Leukemia
Myeloid Leukemia
Bone marrow produces too many immature granulocytes
Leukemic cells crowd out other blood cells
Lymphoid Leukemia
Lymphocytes are cancerous
Symptoms similar to myeloid leukemia

57. Common effects of Leukemia Anemia Bleeding Susceptible to infections
Pain , Bone fracture
Metabolic starvation
Treatments
Blood transfusions
Marrow transplants
Anti-cancer drugs
Stem cell transplants

58. Thank-you
Questions ??