1. Small-scale On-host Field Trials with Tick Repellent Essential oils in Bungoma County, western KenyaBy
Wycliffe Wanzala, Ahmed Hassanali, Wolfgang Richard Mukabana and Willem Takken
Department of Biological Sciences, Maasai Mara University
Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University
School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi
Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre,The Netherlands.
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya.

2. Tithonia diversifolia
INTRODUCTION
Repellency Effect of Essential oil
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Tagetes minuta
Tithonia diversifolia
Farmers cattle in the field
demonstrate
The 2 plants were selected from a group of plants TRADITIONALLY used by the Bukusu community for Livestock tick control

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bungoma District Veterinary Office RECORDS from regulated livestock market centres helped identify 15 livestock farmers

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS (cont’)
15 livestock farmers (volunteers)
3 animals from each farmer (1 for Tm, 1 for Td & 1 for Co) (= 45)
1g of 10% formulation of essential oils
Inner part of pinna of both ears was treated
1g of vaseline was used to treat control animals
Tick burden was monitored on daily basis for 18 days in collaboration with livestock farmers

5. RESULTS P > 0.05 Tick species T. minuta T.diversifolia Control
Mean (±SE) tick burden on experimental animals selected for different treatments (n=45)
Tick species
T. minuta
T.diversifolia
Control
Rhipicephalus
appendiculatus (♀ + ♂)
61.87±30.62a
48.87±27.74a
63.60±36.76a
R. appendiculatus (♂)
38.67±18.47a
24.73±14.59a
32.27±18.19a
R. appendiculatus (♀)
23.20±12.92a
24.13±14.73a
31.33±18.60a
Other tick species
38.67±21.39a
21.87±11.09a
32.20±21.07a
P > 0.05

6. Treatment effect on Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (♀ + ♂)
RESULTS (cont’)
Treatment effect on Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (♀ + ♂)

7. Treatment effect on R. appendiculatus (♂)
RESULTS (cont’)
Treatment effect on R. appendiculatus (♂)

8. Treatment effect on R. appendiculatus (♀)
RESULTS (cont’)
RESULTS (cont’)
Treatment effect on R. appendiculatus (♀)

9. Treatment effect on other ticks
RESULTS (cont’)
Treatment effect on other ticks

10. DISCUSSION
This field results confirms the laboratory results (Repellency effect of the two essential oils)
Tick burden in both essential oil treatment reduced but the reduction was insignificant in T. diversifolia essential oil treatment (P > 0.05).
There was gradual increase in tick burden in the control treatment.
Re-infestation started after and 8 days post-treatment for T. minuta and T. diversifolia essential oils, respectively. (t0.05 (14) = 4.336, P = 0.001)

11. CONCLUSION
The results suggest the potential for appropriate essential oil formulations in reducing tick burden and associated tick-borne diseases among the resource-limited livestock farming community in tropical Africa.

12. A questions for debate
The fate of repelled ticks from the host animal ??
Effective formulation ? ?
Placement of formulation on the host animal ? ?

13. Thanks for your attention
Acknowledgements
International Foundation for Science, Sweden
International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology
Wageningen University and Research Centre