1. Why are Energy Resources Important for Development?
Key issue 3
Why are Energy Resources Important for Development?

2. ENERGY drives DEVELOPMENT- so development is largely dependent on the availability of low-cost sources of energy.

3. SUPPLY is the amount of something available for use/sale.

4. DEMAND is the amount of something that consumers are willing/able to purchase.

5. 5/6 of world energy is supplied by fossil fuels- energy sources formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

6. THREE SOURCES of fossil fuels meet these global needs:
Coal (27.9%)
Petroleum (33.2%)
Natural Gas (22.1%)

7. DEMAND FOR ENERGY
Though developed countries make up a small share of world pop’n, they consume nearly half of all energy.
North America, with only 5% of the global pop’n, consumed 20% of energy.

8. On average, energy use per capita is THREE TIMES HIGHER in the developed world than in the developing world.

9. As development accelerates in the developing world, its energy use will skyrocket- placing a burden on global supply.
Energy use is increasing 3% per year in the developing world (1% in the developed)

10. Today, CHINA is the world’s #1 energy consumer (20%), followed by the US (18%).

11. 1 ‘Quad BTU’ = 1,000,000,000,000,000 BTUs of energy- roughly the energy held in 8 million gallons of gasoline.
FIGURE 9-28 ENERGY DEMAND PER CAPITA The highest per capita consumption is in North America, and the lowest is in sub-Saharan Africa.

12. ENERGY SUPPLY COAL Found in MIDLATITUDE locations
SUPPLY: ½ China, ¼ developing countries, ¼ Developed (mostly US)

13. COAL PRODUCTION
FIGURE 9-30 COAL PRODUCTION China is the world’s leading producer of coal, followed by the United states.

14. ENERGY SUPPLY PETROLEUM
Found under oceans and formerly submerged landmasses
SUPPLY: Saudi Arabia/Russia ¼, developing countries ½, developed ¼

15. PETROLEUM PRODUCTION
FIGURE 9-31 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States are the leading producers of petroleum.

16. ENERGY SUPPLY NATURAL GAS
Found under oceans and formerly submerged landmasses
SUPPLY: 1/3 Russia/SW Asia, 1/3 developing, 1/3 developed (mostly US)

17. NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION
FIGURE 9-32 NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION The United States and Russia are the leading producers of natural gas.

18. PROVEN – supply held in discovered sources
Two types of RESERVES
PROVEN – supply held in discovered sources
POTENTIAL – supply undiscovered, but thought to exist

20. PROVEN ENERGY RESERVES
Coal
1 quadrillion metric tons (23m quad BTUs)
Natural Gas
175 trillion cubic meters (6k quad BTUs)
Petroleum
1.3 trillion barrels (5k quad BTUs)

22. Remaining supply of fossil fuels at current demand
Coal: 131 years
Petroleum: 43 years
Natural Gas: 49 years

23. Tapping Potential Reserves
Undiscovered Fields: Newly discovered reserves are generally smaller and more remote; the largest, most accessible deposits have already been exploited.

24. Tapping Potential Reserves Oil fields near Baku, Azerbaijan
Enhanced Recovery: Techniques devised to remove the last supplies from a proven field.
Oil fields near Baku, Azerbaijan

25. Tapping Potential Reserves
Unconventional Sources: Implementing methods previously unused because of insufficient technology, environmental concerns, or economically infeasibility.

26. Potential PETROLEUM Production Outlook
FIGURE 9-35 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION OUTLOOK The International Energy Agency forecasts that potential reserves will be converted to proven reserves through discovery and development of new fields at about the same rate as already proven reserves are depleted.

27. Controlling Petroleum Reserves OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Group of developing countries who act together to influence global petroleum costs. Policies directed by GOVERNMENTS, not COMPANIES.

29. In the late 1970s, coordinated action by OPEC drove gas prices sky high- leading to massive shortages and conservation measures.

30. Today, the US is again a net EXPORTER of petroleum.
In recent decades, US petroleum production has reduced American dependence on foreign sources of energy.
Today, the US is again a net EXPORTER of petroleum.

31. 1950-2010 – U.S. PETROLEUM PRODUCTION/CONSUMPTION/IMPORT
FIGURE 9-38 U.S. PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION, PRODUCTION, AND IMPORTS U.S. production has remained relatively constant since the 1960s. Increasing consumption has been served by increasing imports.

32. IMPACT OF THE U.S. SHALE/FRACKING BOOM (2010- present)

33. Currently lowest in over 10 years
CRUDE OIL PRICES,
Currently lowest in over 10 years

34. American per capita consumption has followed the trends- increasing with cheap oil, decreasing when it becomes expensive.

35. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
Because the three main fossil fuels are still relatively cheap to produce and consume, only 20% of global energy (15% in the US) is generated from renewable sources.

36. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
NUCLEAR
Nuclear FISSION involves the splitting of a uranium atom, and produces massive amounts of energy.

37. 1 kg of URANIUM contains two millions times the energy of 1 kg of COAL

38. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES NUCLEAR
Nuclear power provides 14% of the world’s power.
EUROPE is most dependent (France 80%, Belgium/Ukraine/Slovakia 50%)
Used by only 30 of world’s nearly 200 countries
19 developed countries
11 developing countries

39. Global Distribution of NUCLEAR POWER
FIGURE 9-41 ELECTRICITY FROM NUCLEAR POWER Nuclear power is used in 37 countries, primarily in Europe and North America.

40. U.S. NUCLEAR CONSUMPTION & SITES
FIGURE 9-42 NUCLEAR POWER BY U.S. STATE One-third of electricity is generated from nuclear power in the Northeast, compared to less than one-tenth in the West.

41. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES ISSUES w/ NUCLEAR POWER
Potential Accidents
Chernobyl, Fukushima Daiichi
Radioactive Waste
Cannot be disposed, dangerous to store
Bomb Material
By-products can be used for nuclear weapons
Limited Uranium Reserves
Cause for competition & conflict
High Cost
$ BILLIONS per facility

42. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
NUCLEAR
BREEDER REACTORS are nuclear reactors that turn uranium into plutonium (Pu).
Pu can be easily weaponized, and is highly unstable/radioactive.
Monju Breeder Reactor, Japan

43. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
HYDROELECTRIC
This is by far the most widely used renewable resource (20 quad BTUs/year)

44. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES 2/3 developing world, 1/3 developed.
HYDROELECTRIC
2/3 developing world, 1/3 developed.
Canada gets 75% of its energy from hydropower; similar proportions in Brazil.
Itaipu Dam, Brazil

45. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
BIOMASS
Energy obtained by burning natural waste products; also, using crops to produce fuel (biofuels).

46. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
BIOMASS
Produces 3 quad BTUs per year.
1/3 N. America, 1/3 Europe, 1/3 developing countries
World’s largest biomass facility, Poland

47. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
CRITIQUES OF BIOMASS
Inefficient
Produces almost the same energy it takes to produce inputs
‘Putting Food in the Tank’
Food used for biomass is not used for human consumption
Sustainability
Wood used for biomass can contribute to deforestation

48. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
GEOTHERMAL
Using the Earth’s internal heat to produce energy
Best done where tectonic plates meet

49. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Produces less than 1 quad BTU/year
GEOTHERMAL
Produces less than 1 quad BTU/year
Highly concentrated; Homes in Reykjavik, Iceland, depend on geothermal energy for heat.

50. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
WIND
Using wind to turn turbines
Produces 2 quad BTUs of power

51. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
WIND
Relatively cheap and little impact on environment- but may threaten birds and present a blight on the landscape.

52. Only about 1/3 of the United States is suitable for wind power.

53. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
NUCLEAR FUSION
Joining of hydrogen atoms to form helium; produces huge amounts of energy, w/o radioactive inputs.

54. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
NUCLEAR FUSION
Fusion produces extraordinary heat – millions of degrees Fahrenheit.
Currently, no material exists to contain this sort of heat for use.

55. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES SOLAR
Using the sun’s rays to produce energy/electricity

56. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
SOLAR
Today generates only .3 quad BTU- but this will increase with reduced costs and increased efficiency of new cells.

57. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES SOLAR – Two Types PASSIVE
Harnessing solar rays w/o specialized technology

58. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES SOLAR – Two Types ACTIVE
Harnessing solar rays with specialized technology

59. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES ELECTRIC CARS
While these cars are common today, they are not new.
Of the 4,000 cars sold in 1900, 38% were powered by electricity. As gas became cheaper, more switched to this power source.

60. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
SOLAR
Today, solar is bring electricity to some of the most remote places on Earth.

61. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
SOLAR
As photovoltaic cells become less expensive, they are increasingly becoming a viable option for residents of the developing world.