1. Citations and References
what citations and references are for: In your documents/reports you will typically use information from sources such as textbook, lab manual, a reference book, and articles published in a science or engineering journal. When you use information from sources, you need to tell the readers where the information came from and where the readers can locate the sources.

2. A citation tells the readers where the information came from
A citation tells the readers where the information came from. In your writing, you cite or refer to the source of information.
A reference gives the readers details about the source, so that they have a good understanding of what kind of source it is and could find the source themselves if necessary. The references are typically listed at the end of the your document/report.

3. Referencing Styles Style Name (Abbreviation) Full Name ACS
American Chemical Society
AGLC
Australian Guide to Legal Citation
AGPS/AGIMO
Australian Government Publishing Service/Australian Government Information Management Office
AMA
American Medical Association
APA
American Psychological Association
Chicago
Chicago Manual of Style
CSE/CBE
Council of Science Editors/Council of Biology Editors
Harvard
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IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
MLA
Modern Language Association of America
Vancouver

4. Harvard Style
Harvard is a generic term for any style which contains author-date references in the text of the document, such as (Smith 1999). There will also be a list of references at the end of the document, arranged by authors' names and year of publication.
Citations are included in the text. Author's surname and date of publication should be included.
When you summarize the general idea of a source in your own words, you must cite the author and year of publication of the work as shown below. Harvard UWS style does not require you to provide the page number unless you use a direct quote, however if you paraphrase or summarize a specific paragraph or section you should consider including the page number.

5. If you refer to a work in the text of your paper, place the author's last name and the year of publication of the work in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
If you use the name of the author(s) in your writing, place the year of publication of the work in parentheses after the author’s name.
If you directly quote fewer than 30 words, enclose the quotation by single quotation marks within the text. The year of publication of the work along with the page number(s) of the quote should be provided in parentheses.
When there are no page numbers available, use a section name if it is given in the text e.g. Jones (2008, sec. 1). Use abbreviations such as vol. (volume), vols (volumes), sec. (section), secs (sections). If no other identifying information is available use the abbreviation n.p. (no page).
When you use more than one source for a statement that you write, the citation can be presented using semi-colons between works as follows in alphabetical order by surname

6. Examples: General: Quotations: No author: Secondary sources:
This argument was first put forward in the early 19th century (Hulme 1998)
The argument was first put forward by Hulme (1998).
Quotations:
Smith (1987: 245) noted that "such conduct was largely counter-productive". 
"Such conduct was largely counter-productive" (Smith 1987: 245). 
No author:
This was obviously not the case before 2001 (Beating the Millenium Bug 2003: 14)
In Beating the Millenium Bug (2001: 14), it is claimed that this was not the case before 2001.
Secondary sources:
Ngu (cited in Larson 1991: 51) reported that such conclusions were generally invalid.
Such conclusions are generally invalid (Ngu, cited in Larson 1991: 51).
More than one source:
and a number of studies have shown identical results (Sanders 2008; Smith 2009).

7. Reference list
A reference list includes details of the sources cited in your paper. It starts on a separate page at the end of your document/report and is titled References. Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited in your paper. All sources appearing in the reference list must be ordered alphabetically by surname.
You may sometimes need to include sources that are not cited in your paper but which supported your research. In Harvard style, when you list non-cited sources and cited sources, the consolidated list is called a Bibliography. As with a reference list, the items should be listed in alphabetical order.
The reference list should be single spaced, with one line space between references and no indentation.
Italics is the preferred format for titles of books, journals and videos. Article and chapter titles are put in single quotation marks but are not italicized.

8. e.g. Ageing and aged care in Australia
Capitalization in the Harvard style is very specific and is kept to a minimum. The following general rules apply:
Book titles - capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title, but not the first letter of the first word after a colon.
e.g. Ageing and aged care in Australia
Journal and newspaper titles - capitalize first letter of each word except ‘and’, ‘of’ etc.
e.g. Journal of Educational Psychology
Article, chapter or section titles - enclose the title in single quotation marks and capitalize only the first letter of the first word.
e.g. ‘Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the
face of workplace adversity: a literature review’

9. References
Andreasen, NC 2001, Brave new brain: conquering mental illness in the era of the genome, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Copstead, L & Banasik, J 2005, Pathophysiology, 3rd edn, Saunders, Philadelphia.
Davis, M, Charles, L, Curry, MJ, Shanti, P, Prasad, S, Hewings, A et al. 2003, Challenging spatial norms, Routledge, London
Este, J, Warren, C, Connor, L, Brown, M, Pollard, R, O’Connor, T 2008, Life in the clickstream: the future of journalism, Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, viewed 27 May 2009, <
Storey, KB 2004, Functional metabolism regulation and adaptation, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, viewed 4 April 2009, NetLibrary database.

10. IEEE Citation Style:
The IEEE citation style is now widely used in electrical, electronic and computing publications. IEEE provides instructions for authors for each type of publication such as journals, magazines, newsletters, and standards.
IEEE is a numbered style with two components:
In-text citation where references are numbered [1] in the order of appearance in the article.
A reference list, displayed at the end of the article which provides full details of all references cited in-text. The references are ordered as they appear in the in-text references (in order of citation, not in alphabetical order). 

11. In-text Citation
Using this system, references are numbered in the order in which they are first cited in the text. If the same reference is cited later in the text, the same number is given. For example
"The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]" 
"Scholtz [2] has argued that " 
"Several recent studies [1], [3], [4], [15], [16] have suggested that..." 
Preferred
Acceptable
[1], [3], [5]
[1, 3, 5]
[1] - [5]
[1-5]

12. If you need to cite the same source more than once: Direct the reader to specific pages numbers  where necessary, for example, a quote, or specific sections of the reference you wish to highlight such as tables, figures, algorithms:
...see [12, Example 1].

13. Example: