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Chapter 2.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 2."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 2

2 Module 2A Inside the System Unit
Module 2B Data Storage Module 2C Input and Output Chapter 2

3 Inside the System Unit Talking about Computer Hardware
The System Unit: Looking Under the hood How Modern Computers Represent data The CPU: The Computer’s “Brain” Microprocessors: Computers on a Chip Comparing CPUs Memory: The CPU’s Electronic Scratchpad Buses: Freeways for Data Module A

4 Talking about Computer Hardware
Inside the System Unit Talking about Computer Hardware Module A Computer and peripherals

5 The System Unit: Looking Under the Hood The system unit, exposed A
Inside the System Unit The System Unit: Looking Under the Hood Module A The system unit, exposed

6 How Modern Computers Represent Data
Inside the System Unit How Modern Computers Represent Data Digital versus Analog Representation digital: high and low power signals analog: continuous variable scale Numbering systems every numbering system has a base Module A

7 Inside the System Unit Binary Numbers Module A A binary number is called a binary digit, or bit. A bit is the smallest unit of information that a computer can work with.

8 Inside the System Unit Counting Module A

9 ASCII & EBCDIC Originally used a total of 7 bits
Inside the System Unit ASCII & EBCDIC Originally used a total of 7 bits encodes a total of 128 characters included letters, numbers & punctuation Looking for a wider market IBM and Apple expanded to 8 bits extended character sets not standardized Macintosh and PC versions differ Module A

10 Representing Data Unicode Parity Representing numbers
Inside the System Unit Representing Data Unicode expanded to 16 bits (65,000 characters) can represent most languages Parity extra bit added to coding systems used to ensure code stored correctly odd and even parity Representing numbers floating point notation Module A

11 The CPU: Looking Under the Hood System Clock Instruction set
Inside the System Unit The CPU: Looking Under the Hood System Clock determines speed of the system Instruction set list of instructions Four-step process (machine/processing cycle) Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) arithmetic & logical operations registers are temporary storage Module A

12 Microprocessors: Computers on a Chip
Inside the System Unit Microprocessors: Computers on a Chip Module A CPUs in most computers designed for individuals are microprocessors, which are complete CPUs (control unit and ALU) fabricated on a single chip of silicon.

13 CPU Compatibility Compatibility Downwardly Compatible CPU Sockets
Inside the System Unit CPU Compatibility Compatibility a program that can run on a computer Downwardly Compatible run programs designed for earlier chips CPU Sockets physically holds chip on motherboard established electrical connections upgrade socks allow upgrading processors Module A

14 Comparing CPUs Data Bus Width & Word Size
Inside the System Unit Comparing CPUs Data Bus Width & Word Size number of bits in bus determines word size 16-bit CPU works with 16 bit word size CISC (complex instruction set computer) many instructions & special-purpose circuits RISC (reduced instruction set computer) bare-bones instruction set less expensive, more efficient Module A

15 Comparing CPUs Multitasking Pentium MMX Benchmarks Pentium MMX
Inside the System Unit Comparing CPUs Multitasking processor runs more than one program Pentium MMX contains 57 sets of multimedia instructions more quickly run games & multimedia Benchmarks provides basis of comparison Module A Pentium MMX

16 CPU’s Electronic Scratchpad
Inside the System Unit Memory: CPU’s Electronic Scratchpad Memory Capacities kilobyte (K or KB), megabyte (M or MB), gigabyte (G or GB) Random-Access Memory (RAM) store programs & data being used each memory location has an address volatile Cache Memory allows maximum speed Module A

17 Inside the System Unit Random Access Memory Module A data In RAM, each memory location has an address, just like a post office box.

18 Memory Read-Only Memory (ROM) CMOS non-volatile ROM BIOS, flash BIOS
Inside the System Unit Memory Read-Only Memory (ROM) non-volatile ROM BIOS, flash BIOS CMOS used to store startup configuration options each memory location has an address volatile Module A

19 Buses: Freeways for Data
Inside the System Unit Buses: Freeways for Data Circuits that carry data from one component to another are called busses. The wider the bus, the more quickly the data can flow Module A

20 Inside the System Unit Plug and Play Module A Microsoft and Intel created the Plug and Play (PnP) standard. This standard requires special chips on the motherboard, compatible hardware that is expressly compatible with the Plug and Play standard, and a system BIOS that supports Plug and Play.

21 Data Storage Storage Concepts: The Basics
Disks and Disk Drives: Putting a Spin on it Magnetic Tape: Still Useful Optical Storage Media: Seeing the Light Storing Data in Files File Systems in Business: Minding the Store Module B

22 Storage Concepts: The Basics Memory versus Storage B Data Storage
Module B Memory versus Storage

23 Storage Devices Sequential Random Access
Data Storage Sequential go through fixed sequence to get data example: tape backup unit Random Access can go directly to requested data faster, more expensive example: disk drive Module B

24 Before a disk can be used for storage, it must be formatted
Disks & Disk Drives: Putting a Spin on it Data Storage sectors Before a disk can be used for storage, it must be formatted Module B cluster tracks

25 Floppy Disks A 3 1/2 inch disk B Data Storage write protection tab
plastic casing liner disk Module sector hole B spindle hole read/write opening sliding metal shutter A 3 1/2 inch disk

26 Hard Disks How Hard Disks Work Storage Capacities Physical Performance
Data Storage How Hard Disks Work Storage Capacities Physical Performance Disk Caches Hard Disk Interfaces Hard Disk Maintenance Backup Procedures Removable Hard Disks Module B

27 Data Storage Hard Disk Interfaces Module B

28 Data Storage Removable Hard Disk Module B Many new computers come equipped with a Zip drive, a removable hard disk that uses 100MB cartridges. The cartridges cost about $10 each.

29 Magnetic Tape: Still Useful
Data Storage Quarter-inch cartridge (QIC) tape drives work with cartridges that can hold more than 10MB of data Module B

30 Optical Storage Media:
Seeing the Light Data Storage CD-ROM CD-R CD-RW Module B CD-ROM disks are prerecorded and cannot be altered. CD-ROM provides an excellent way to distribute large amounts of data at little cost.

31 Optical Storage Media:
Seeing the Light Data Storage DVD DVD-ROM DVD-RAM Module B DVD-ROM drives are expected to replace CD- ROM drives as the standard personal computer equipment in the near future

32 Storing Data in Files Program Files Data Files
Data Storage Storing Data in Files files directory Program Files Data Files Files are always named and can be organized into directories. Just as a filing cabinet has different drawers to organize information, different file directories store related types of files Module B

33 Types of Data Files Configuration files Text files Graphics files
Data Storage Configuration files Text files Graphics files Database files Sound files Backup files Module B

34 Microsoft Windows 95, 98, and NT
Naming Files Data Storage Microsoft Windows 95, 98, and NT File names can contain up to 255 characters as well as spaces and some punctuation. The characters \ / : * ? “ < > | cannot be used. Module B File names have a 31-character limit. This limitation allows a more descriptive name than with MS-DOS or Windows 3.1, but not as descriptive as Windows 95. Macintosh

35 Organizing Files into Folders (Directories)
Data Storage By viewing the directory, you can get information about the files stored on the disk. This information includes the file name, the file size, and the date and time of the file’s creation and last update Module B

36 Organizing Files into Folders (Directories)
Data Storage Module B In Microsoft Windows 95 & 98, the root directory contains several subdirectories, including a Windows directory and a Program Files directory

37 The Data Storage Hierarchy
8 bits = A Last name field Module Four fields = 1 record B Records combined = file The data storage hierarchy

38 Types of Files in Data Processing Applications
Data Storage Transaction file batch processing real-time processing Master file Report file Module B

39 Sequential File Organization
Data Storage The computer processes a sequential file in the order in which the data was encoded in the file Module B 0452 data 0453 data 0454 Key field

40 Direct (Random) File Organization Location of record on disk
Data Storage Location of record on disk Module B Records in a direct access file are stored according to a position in the file. Every location in primary & secondary storage is assigned a unique address.

41 Indexed Sequential File Organization
Data Storage With indexed sequential files, records can be accessed either directly (randomly) or sequentially. Module B

42 Input and Output Understanding Input: Not Just Data Entry
Input Devices: The Computer’s “Senses” Input Devices in Business & Industry Biological Feedback Devices Chemical Detectors Output Devices: Engaging Our Senses Printers Sound Cards & Speakers Tactile Feedback Module C

43 Input Devices: The Computer’s “Senses”
Input & Output Keyboards numeric keyboard function keys toggle keys Caps Lock key status indicators Module C

44 Input Devices: The Computer’s “Senses”
Input & Output Cursor & Cursor Movements insertion point cursor movement keys (arrow keys) repetitive strain injury (RSI)/cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) Module C Ergonomic keyboards help prevent CTD

45 Pointing Devices Mouse operations Clicking click Dragging
Input & Output Mouse operations Clicking Dragging Double-Clicking click Module C click click

46 Pointing Devices Trackball Trackpoint Touchpad Touch-Sensitive Screens
Input & Output Trackball Trackpoint Touchpad Touch-Sensitive Screens Pen-Based Systems Module C

47 Additional Input Devices
Input & Output Soundcards Microphones & Speech Recognition Video Capture Cards Cameras Scanners Module C Handheld scanner

48 Input Devices in Business & Industry
Input & Output source data automation image processing systems magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) bar code readers universal product code mark sense character recognition optical mark reader (OMR) Module C

49 Additional Input Devices
Input & Output Biological feedback devices Chemical detectors Module C Virtual reality programs use helmets to enable users to “move” through a simulated “world.”

50 Output Devices: Engaging Our Senses
Input & Output Video Adapters video RAM (VRAM) video graphics adapter (VGA) super VGA refresh rate flicker Module C

51 Video Graphics Adapter
Input & Output Common PC resolutions 640 x 480 800 x 600 1024 x 768 1600 x 1200 Module C

52 Video Graphics Adapter
Input & Output Common color depth Color Depth Number of colors VGA (4 bits) 16 256 Color Mode (8 bits) 256 High Color (16 bits) 65,536 True Color (24 bits) 16,777,216 Module C

53 Laptop color LCD display Desktop computers use a CRT
Monitors Input & Output cathode ray tube (CRT) liquid crystal display (LCD) Module C Laptop color LCD display Desktop computers use a CRT

54 Screen Size Quoted Size and Actual Viewable Area
Input & Output Quoted Size and Actual Viewable Area Monitor Size Viewable Area 21 inches 20 inches 17 inches 16 inches 15 inches 14 inches Module C

55 Additional Monitor Characteristics
Input & Output dot pitch interlaced monitors noninterlaced monitors multiscan monitors Module C

56 Impact Printers Input & Output Line letter-quality dot-matrix Module C

57 Nonimpact Printers inkjet laser thermal transfer dye sublimation
Input & Output inkjet laser thermal transfer dye sublimation snapshot multifunction Module C

58 Additional Output Devices
Input & Output plotters sound cards and speakers tactile feedback Module C For the latest news on haptics, see the Haptics Community Web Page


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