1. Introduction to animals
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2. Symmetry
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3. Body Symmetry
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4. Body Symmetry
Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis
Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)
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5. Body Symmetry
Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms)
Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little)
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7. Body Symmetry
Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane
Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other
More complex type of symmetry
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8. Body Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile
Animals have an anterior and posterior ends
Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end)
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_______ Which of the following includes the most different kinds of organisms? a. class b. domain c. family d . phylum e. kingdom.
Traits
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11. Characteristics of Animals
All multicellular
Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus & organelles)
Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it)
Store food reserves as glycogen
Animals range in size from 25-meter-long blue whales to microscopic rotifers.
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12. 5. Most animals have Hox genes
5. Most animals have Hox genes. Control head to tail development in embryos

13. Lions Feeding (Ingestion)
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14. Support Systems Have some type of skeletal support
Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone
Exoskeletons found in arthropods
Cover the outside of the body
Limit size
Must be shed or molted making animal vulnerable to predators
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15. Cicada Molting Exoskeleton
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16. Support Systems
Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support
Called hydrostatic skeletons
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17. Movement
Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving)
Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam)
Animals that can move are motile
Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement
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18. SESSILE
SEDENTARY
Chiton
Sponge
MOTILE
Cheetah
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19. Reproduction in Animals
All animals are capable of sexual reproduction
Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm
Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs
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20. Leeches Exchange Sperm During Mating
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21. Reproduction in Animals
Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs develop without being fertilized
Called Parthenogenesis
New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards
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22. Parthenogenesis in the Komodo Dragon
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23. Mating and Mating Behaviors
Female
Beetles Mating
Young
Courtship
Male
Mating and Mating Behaviors
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24. Levels of Organization
Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level
All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system
Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions)
Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues
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25. Levels of Organization
Molecule or compound
Atom
Organelle
Levels of Organization
CELL
Life begins
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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26. Invertebrate groups
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27. Characteristics of Invertebrates
Simplest animals
Contain the greatest number of different species
Most are aquatic (found in water)
Do NOT have a backbone
Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms
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28. Phyla Porifera simplest animals sponges.

29. Sponge - Porifera
Osculum of Sponge
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32. Characteristics Simplest of all animals
Contain specialized cells but no other organization level
Most are marine
Saltwater sponges are brightly colored
Freshwater sponges are small and dull green color
Size – 2 meters to 2 cm

33. Characteristics Porifera means pore-bearing
Water enters through pores bringing in food and oxygen
Filter feeders on plankton

34. Water Flow Through the Sponge
WATER OUT
Water Flow Through the Sponge
WATER IN
Osculum

35. Sponge Skeletons
VENUS FLOWER BASKET
SPICULES

36. Sponge Reproduction
Sponges can regenerate (regrow) lost body parts through mitotic cell division (asexual)
Sponges also reproduce asexually by budding

37. Branching Tube Sponge

38. Vase Sponges

41. Sea Anemone - Cnidaria
Tentacles of Sea Anemone
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42. More Cnidarians
Brain Coral
Red jellyfish
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43. Phyla Cnidarians or coelenterate
Cnidaria comes from the Greek work cnidos meaning stinging

44. Cnidarians are made up of two tissue layers separated by mesoglea.
gastrovascular cavity
mouth
mesoglea
tentacle
oral arms
Cnidarians are made up of two tissue layers separated by mesoglea.
The ectoderm layer has three cell types.
contracting cells
nerve cells
cnidocytes (which contain nematocysts)
barbs
coiled
nematocyst
discharged

45. Cnidarians have two body forms. 5.polyps
In the polyp form
of a coral, the tentacles
and mouth face upward.

46. 6. medusas In the medusa form of a jellyfish, the tentacles and
mouth face downward.

48. 1. mouth
3. tentacle
5. ectoderm (epidermis)
6. mesoderm (mesoglea
7. endodrem (gastrodermis
8. gastrovascular cavity
11. bud
12. stalk
13. basal disk

49. nematocytes c
filament
trigger
Barb b
cnidocyte a
charged
Discharged

53. The four major cnidarian classes are defined by their dominant body form.
Anthozoans such as sea anemones have a dominant polyp stage.
Scyphozoans are true jellyfish with a dominant medusa form.
Cubozoans such as box jellies and sea wasps have a dominant medusa form.
Hydrozoans such as hydra alternate between forms.

54. Anthozoans
sea anemones and corals
dominant polyp stage.

55. Scyphozoa Most familiar Common jellies
Range in size from 5 millimeters to several meters

56. cubozoa
Complex eyes
Swim very quickly
Four tenticles

57. Hydrozoans alternate between forms. Most never have a medusa stage
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58. Radial symmetry and cnidocytes
Complex eyes
Polyp reduced or lost
Medusa produced by lateral bud
Radial symmetry and cnidocytes

59. Life cycle of the cnidarian
Asexual reproduction- Budding –
a bud will form on the side
Break off and form a new polyp
Sexual
Male and female medusa
Sperm is released in the water to fertilize the eggs in the tenticles
The cilliated pear shaped planula (larva) forms
Swims freely until it comes in contact with the substrate and starts growing a polyp