1. Big Lessons of the Course
Lecture 28
Alternative Futures &
Big Lessons of the Course
December 11, 2014
Final Exam
Thursday, May 11, 10:05-12:05
6210 social Sciences

2. The Chess Game

3. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: ??????

4. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: ??????

5. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: ??????

6. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: ??????

7. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: the civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: ??????

8. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: The civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: ??????

9. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: The civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of National politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: ??????

10. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: The civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of national politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: ??????

11. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: The civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of national politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: ??????

12. I. History is Filled with Surprises!
: World War I and the Russian Revolution
: From the roaring 20s economic boom with an unshakable large Republican majority to the Stock Market crash, the Great Depression, the New Deal
: World War II and the atomic bomb to the cold war.
: The civil rights movement, the end of segregation in the South, the beginnings of the student movement and hippies of the 1960s, the assassination of Kennedy
: The first defeat of the US in a war, the mass anti-War movement, the impeachment of Nixon, the sharp move of national politics to the Right in the US and UK
: the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of communism and the cold war
: 9/11; the triumph of the most extreme ideologically right-wing political coalition in modern US history controlling both the congress and the executive branch; the election of Obama; the longest war in US history
: Trump election; + ??????

13. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy
Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market
Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure
Public control over energy development
Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system
Extending labor market and workplace regulation
Expanding public sector employment
Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

14. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy
Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market
Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure
Public control over energy development
Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system
Extending labor market and workplace regulation
Expanding public sector employment
Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

15. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy
Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market
Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure
Public control over energy development
Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system
Extending labor market and workplace regulation
Expanding public sector employment
Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

16. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy
Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market
Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure
Public control over energy development
Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system
Extending labor market and workplace regulation
Expanding public sector employment
Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

17. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy
Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market
Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure
Public control over energy development
Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system
Extending labor market and workplace regulation
Expanding public sector employment
Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

18. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy
Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market
Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure
Public control over energy development
Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system
Extending labor market and workplace regulation
Expanding public sector employment
Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

19. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy
Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market
Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure
Public control over energy development
Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system
Extending labor market and workplace regulation
Expanding public sector employment
Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

20. II. Possible Futures: 1. Extending Democracy
Redrawing the public/private boundary between democratic regulation and private rights in the market
Massive public investment in transportation infrastructure
Public control over energy development
Creating a genuine, universal public health-care system
Extending labor market and workplace regulation
Expanding public sector employment
Taxation & redistribution to counter inegalitarian effects of markets

21. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy
Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality
Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system.
Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.)
Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

22. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy
Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality
Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system.
Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.)
Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

23. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy
Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality
Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system.
Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.)
Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

24. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy
Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality
Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system.
Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.)
Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

25. II. Possible Futures: 2. Deepening Democracy
Striving for true political equality of citizens: this requires reducing economic inequality
Reducing the role of private money in politics: necessity for serious public financing of democratic processes, especially elections, but also public subsidies to support a democratic media system.
Institutional reforms of the rules of the electoral game (for example proportional representation, instant runoffs, etc.)
Democratic innovation to create meaningful political participation: innovative forms of empowered participatory governance

26. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism
2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities
3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom
4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society
5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas
6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

27. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism
2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities
3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom
4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society
5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas
6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

28. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism
2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities
3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom
4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society
5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas
6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

29. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism
2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities
3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom
4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society
5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas
6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

30. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism
2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities
3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom
4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society
5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas
6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

31. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism
2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities
3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom
4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society
5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas
6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

32. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
The US is a Hyper-capitalist Society: The U.S. is extreme on most dimensions of capitalism
2. The market: Markets are not automatically efficient; they have inherent irrationalities
3. The Market and Freedom: markets both enhance and restrict freedom
4. The Prisoners Dilemma and free riders: these are pervasive issues in contemporary society
5. The Market & Prisoner's dilemmas: unregulated markets intensify prisoners dilemmas
6. Inequality, oppression, poverty: poverty in the midst of plenty is a modern tragedy because it constitutes avoidable suffering and perpetuate social cleavages and conflict

33. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression.
Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy.
Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world.
Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses.
11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA
12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

34. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression.
Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy.
Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world.
Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses.
11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA
12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

35. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression.
Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy.
Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world.
Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses.
11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA
12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

36. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression.
Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy.
Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world.
Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses.
11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA
12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

37. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression.
Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy.
Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world.
Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses.
11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA
12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

38. III. TWELVE BIG IDEAS TO REMEMBER
7. The incomplete revolutions of Race and Gender: Significant transformations towards equality are combined with continuing forms of real discrimination and oppression.
Democracy: American Democracy is real, but crippled by demand and resource constraints and rules-of-the-game which erode “rule by the people.” The attack on the affirmative state has further eroded American democracy.
Militarism: Militarism is an institution not just a “policy”. The United States systematically uses military force to pursue its foreign policy objectives and does so more frequently than any other country in the world.
Taxation: “Taxes” are the way of dividing up the total social production between public purposes and private uses.
11. Social Institutions Can be Otherwise: We must reject TINA
12. Alternative futures: There are many possible futures. Human flourishing can be enhanced by extending and deepening democracy in egalitarian ways.

39. Final Message
America today has serious deficits on all of the five core values which animate this course: Freedom, Prosperity, Efficiency, Fairness, Democracy
BUT
Our current realities are not destinies.
Our future may hold as many deep surprises as our past, and this could include a more humane and just world which promotes human flourishing. This will depend not on what history as given us, but on the extent to which we accept that history or act to change it.

40. Final Message
America today has serious deficits on all of the five core values which animate this course: Freedom, Prosperity, Efficiency, Fairness, Democracy
BUT
Our current realities are not destinies.
Our future may hold as many deep surprises as our past, and this could include a more humane and just world which promotes human flourishing. This will depend not on what history as given us, but on the extent to which we accept that history or act to change it.

41. Final Message
America today has serious deficits on all of the five core values which animate this course: Freedom, Prosperity, Efficiency, Fairness, Democracy
BUT
Our current realities are not destinies.
Our future may hold as many deep surprises as our past, and this could include a more humane and just world which promotes human flourishing. This will depend not on what history as given us, but on the extent to which we accept that history or act to change it.