1. How can the components of a mixture be separated?

2. Differences in properties such as; density, particle size, and solubility permit physical separation of the components in the mixture.

3. SEPARATION OF SOLID MIXTURES

4. Separation methods : Separation by Electrification
Separation by a magnet
Separation by density difference
Separation by solubility difference
Separation by using melting & boiling point temperature
Separation by sieving
Separation by flotation

5. 1) Separation by Electrification
The substance like ebonite and glass rode become electrified when they are rubbed with woolen or silk cloth. Some substance may easily be attracted to electrified objects. Red pepper is such a substance
Salt and pepper mixture by electrification

6. 2) Separation by a magnet
If the components of a mixture have different magnetic properties, it will be useful to use a magnet to separate the components of the mixture
Iron, Nickel and cobalt are attracted by a magnet
Mixture of iron and sulfur can be separated by using a magnet.(iron is attracted, but sulfur is not attracted by the magnet)

8. 3) Separation by density difference :
Insoluble solids with a density smaller than that of the liquid(e.g. Water) float on the liquid, and those with a greater density sink in the liquid. This fact can be used to separate solids with different densities.

9. Example : Mixtures of sand and sulfur ;
Density of sulfur < density of water < density of sand
Decanting : Separation of a liquid from large dense insoluble solids by pouring off the liquid... Sand and water separated by decanting the water.

10. 4) Separation by solubility difference
If one of the components of a mixture dissolves in a solvent, but others do not, this solvent may be used to separate the components from the mixture.
Filtration : To separate a solid from a liquid, using a filter which does not allow solid to pass through, is called filtration. Residue is the solid remains on the filter, and Filtrate is the liquid which passes through the filter.

11. Example :
Sand and table salt mixture
Filtration
sand
Evaporation
salt

12. 5) Separation by Fractional Crystallization
The method of separation of soluble solids in water which depends on the effect of temperature on their solubilities is called fractional crystallization.
Mixture of KNO3 and NaCl can be separated bt this method. At high temperature KNO3 is more soluble than NaCl in water...

14. 6) Separation by sieving(elek ile ayırma)
Sieve: device used to separate parts of a mixture based on their size.
A mixture composed of finer and coarser parts like table salt and red pepper.,
The oldest and most widely method for separation.

16. 7) Separation by flotation
Flotation process (sometimes called flotation separation) is a method of separation widely used in the wastewater treatment and mineral processing industries.
Various flotation processes include the following:
Dissolved air flotation
Induced gas flotation
Froth flotation, typical in the mineral processing industry.

17. Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) is a water treatment process that clarifies wastewaters (or other waters) by the removal of suspended matter such as oil or solids. The removal is achieved by injecting air bubbles into the water or wastewater in a flotation tank or basin. The small bubbles adhere to the suspended matter causing the suspended matter to float to the suface of the water where it may then be removed by a skimming device.

18. SEPARATION OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES

19. Heterogeneous mixtures
Decanting, skimming off, Filtration and Centrifuging can be used to separate solid-liquid heterogeneous mixtures.
e. g : Sand+water mixture, Muddy water, Turkish coffee....
Centrifuging : is very fast spinning in a special aparatus called centrifuge. This method is used extensively to separate blood cells from blood plasma.

20. Homogenous mixtures
Simple distillation is used to separate liquid-solid homogeneous mixtures
Distillation :Evaporation of a liquid followed by condensation is called distillation and the liquid obtained as a result of distillation is known as distillate.

21. Example
Salty water mixture.

22. Dialysis
Works on the principles of the diffusion and osmosis of particles across a semi-permeable or selective permeable.
When the kidneys of a person do not function properly, toxic wastes build up in his/her blood and tissue , and they cannot be filtered out by the ailing kidneys. Eventually this waste build-up leads to death. The blood of such person can be cleaned by the process dialysis.

24. SEPARATION OF MIXTURES OF LIQUIDS

25. Homogeneous mixture
Fractional distillation is used for separating homogeneous mixtures of liquids (alcohol + water..)
Fractional Distillation : is a process of separating liquids components of a homogeneous mixture that have different boiling points.

26. Example
Mixture of acetone (b.p : 58 C) and Water (100 C) is distilled fractionally.

27. Heterogeneous mixtures
Mixtures of immiscible liquids, can be separated using a special equipment called as separating funnel
e.g : oil and water mixture.

28. Example : Mixture of oil and water
Oil and water are immiscible liquids. They can be separate by using separating funnel