1. Laws of chemical combinations
Foundation Year
Laws of chemical combinations
1/1
Dr. Marwa Eid

2. Objectives The law of conservation of mass
• The law of definite proportions
• The law of multiple proportions
• The law of combining volumes(Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes)
• Dalton’s atomic theory
• Modern atomic theory

3. The law of conservation of mass
Lavoisier (France 1789) states that:
‘Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction’
This means that during a chemical reaction the sum of the masses of the reactants are equal to the sum masses of products. =
Mass of Reactants
Mass of Products

4. The law of conservation of mass
Example(1)
9.2 g of sodium bicarbonate on reaction with 30 g of acetic acid (CH3COOH) liberated 5.8 g of carbon dioxide gas into atmosphere. What is the mass of residue left?
Solution
= X + 5.8
X = 39.2 – 5.8 = 33.4 g
It proves the law of conservation of mass

5. The law of conservation of mass
Example(2)
Which of the following chemical reaction indicates that mass is conserved

6. The law of conservation of mass
Solution
Which of the following chemical reaction indicates that mass is conserved
Because atoms must be equal on each side of the equation: The correct answer is B

7. The law of conservation of mass
Example(3)
Suppose that 100 gm of iron metal rust. The rust has been weigh and it was 143 gm can you find the weight of oxygen which react with iron metal.
Solution(3)
Iron + O Rust iron
100 gm + X = gm
O2= = 43 gm

8. The Law of Definite Proportions “Constant Composition”
Joseph Proust (France 1799) “A given compound always contains elements in a certain proportion by mass”
The ratios by mass of the elements in that compound are fixed independent of the origins or preparation of that compound.
A compound is unique because of the specific arrangement and weights of the elements which make up that compound. (GR)

9. The law of definite proportions

10. The law of definite proportions
Example (1):
H2O is always made up of 2 atoms of H and one atom of O.
The ratio of O to H in water is always 16:2 or 8:1.
Example (2):
KCl always contains one atom of K for every one atom of Cl In KCl,
potassium and chlorine always have a ratio of “39.09 to 35.45” or “1.1 to 1” by mass.

11. The law of definite proportions
Example (3):
What is the experimental percent of oxygen in CO2 if 45 g of carbon reacted completely with 110 gm of oxygen?
Solution
% = (Portion/total)*100
%O2 = (mass of O2/Total Reactant mass )* 100
%O2 = 110/(45+110) = 70.9%

12. Example (4):

13. The law of multiple proportions
“Proposed that the same elements that make up one compound could also make up another compound” 
When the same two elements combine to form more than one compound:
X+ Y G X+Y M
the ratios of the mass of one element in the first compound to its mass in the second compound, (as it combines with the same mass of the other element).

14. The law of multiple proportions
Carbon combines with oxygen to form CO and CO2

15. The law of multiple proportions
 Example (1)
A sample of sulfur dioxide with a mass of g contains 5.00 g of sulfur. A sample of sulfur trioxide with a mass of 8.33 g contains 3.33 g of sulfur. 
What is the mass of oxygen in the sample of sulfur dioxide?
2. What is the mass of oxygen in the sample of sulfur trioxide?
3. For a fixed mass of oxygen in each sample,

16. The law of multiple proportions
Example (2)
In the carbon compounds ethane (C2H6) and ethene (C2H4), what is the lowest whole number ratio of H atoms that react with the same number of C atoms?
H : C
Compound 1
6:2 = 3:1
Compound 2
4: 2 = 2:1
Ratio
3 : 2

17. The law of multiple proportions
Example (3)
Hydrogen and oxygen forms two compounds. The hydrogen content in these compounds is 42.9% and 27.3%. Prove these compounds agree with the law of multiple proportions.
Hydrogen
Oxygen
H : O
Compound 1
42.9 g
= 57.1 g
42.9/57.1 = 75.5
Compound 2
27.3 g
= 72.7 g
27.3/72.7 = g
Ratio
H : O = 0.75 : = 2: 1
which proves the law of multiple proportions.

18. Laws of Chemical Combinations
Foundation Year
Laws of Chemical Combinations
1/2
Dr. Marwa Eid

19. Objectives • Dalton’s atomic theory • Modern atomic theory
The law of conservation of mass
• The law of definite proportions
• The law of multiple proportions
• The law of combining volumes(Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes)
• Dalton’s atomic theory
• Modern atomic theory

20. The law of combining volumes (Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes)
“When gases react together to form other gases, and all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure:
The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers”.

21. The law of combining volumes (Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes)
Example:
1 Liter of hydrogen + 1 Liter of chlorine = 2 Liters of Hydrogen Chloride
2 Liters of hydrogen + 1 Liter of oxygen = 2 Liters of Water
3 Liters of hydrogen + 1 Liter of nitrogen = 2 Liters of Ammonia
Mass is always conserved; but the volume of a gas is not.

22. The law of combining volumes (Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes)
Avogadro’s Hypothesis:
Equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles.
The particles of a gas may be atoms or molecules.
One liter of hydrogen = one liter of chlorine = one liter of hydrogen chloride in terms of particles (read atoms or molecules)

23. The law of combining volumes (Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes)
Mathematical relationship for P, V, T and number of moles of gas
PV = nRT
n = number of moles = mass/ Mwt
R = ideal gas constant = L atm / mol K
P = pressure (atm)
V = volume in (L)
T = Temperature in (K)

24. The law of combining volumes (Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes)
42 g of oxygen is heated to 100 o C. If the pressure is 1.3 atm, what is the volume?
P = 1.30 atm ,V = ? ,m = 42 g , n = 42g/32g/mol , n = 1.31 mol
R = L atm / mol K , T = = oC = 373 o K
PV = nRT
V= nRT/P = (1.31 * * 373)/ 1.3 =
V= L

25. The law of combining volumes (Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes)
What is the mass of 41 L of chlorine at 28 oC and 1.7 atm?
P = 1.7 atm , V = 41 L, n = ? , m = (n)(g/mol) , R =
T = 28 oC = 301 oK
PV = nRT
n= PV/RT = (1.7*41)/ ( *301) = n=
m = n*Mwt = * = 2.44 g

26. The law of combining volumes (Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes)
What pressure in atm will 1.36 kg of N2O gas exert when it is compressed in a 25.0 L cylinder and is stored in an outdoor shed where the temperature can reach 59°C in summer?
V = 25.0 L T = = 332 K P = ? atm
R = Latm/ mol-K m = 1.36 kg = 1360 g converted to moles
n= mass/Mwt = 1360/ 44 = 30.9 mol
PV = nRT
P = mol x L-atm x 332 K = 33.7 atm
25.0 L mol-K

27. The Combined Gas Law P1V1 T1 = P2V2 T2
The number of moles is held constant
Is used when you have a change in volume, pressure, or temperature
P1V1 T1 =
P2V2 T2

28. The Combined Gas Law
When measured at STP, a quantity of gas has a volume of 500 dm3. What volume will it occupy at 0 oC and 93.3 kPa?
(101.3 kPa) x (500 dm3) = (93.3 kPa) x (V2)
273 K
273 K
(101.3) x (500) = (93.3) x (V2)
P1 = kPa
T1 = 273 K
V1 = 500 dm3
P2 = kPa
T2 = 0 oC = 273 K
V2 = X dm3
V2 = dm3

29. The Combined Gas Law
When measured at STP, a quantity of gas has a volume of 500 dm3. What volume will it occupy at 0 oC and 93.3 kPa?
(101.3 kPa) x (500 dm3) = (93.3 kPa) x (V2)
273 K
273 K
P1 = kPa
T1 = 273 K
V1 = 500 dm3
P2 = kPa
T2 = 0 oC = 273 K
V2 = X dm3
V2 = dm3

30. The Combined Gas Law
A sample of gas exerts a pressure of 83,326 Pa in a 300 cm3 vessel at 25oC. What pressure would this gas sample exert if it were placed in a 500 cm3 container at 50 oC?

31. Dalton’s atomic theory
“: All matter consists of tiny particles, called these particles “atoms””

32. Dalton’s atomic theory
Dalton’s original theory had seven postulates:
1. Elements are made up of tiny particles called “atoms”.
2. Atoms are indivisible.
3. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
4. Atoms of the same element are alike in their mass and chemical properties.

33. Dalton’s atomic theory
5. Atoms of different element differ in their mass and chemical properties.
6. Atoms of one element cannot be converted into atoms of another element
7. Atoms of different elements always combine in simple, definite and integral ratios to form compound atoms.

34. Recall your memory According to Dalton ,what is an atom ?
2. What are the properties of an atom according to Dalton ?
3. What are the postulates of Dalton's atomic theory ?

35. CONCEPT OF ATOM
According to Dalton atom is the smallest, indivisible particle of an element that takes part in a chemical reaction.

36. Modern atomic theory Modern Theory of the Atom
1• Atoms are composed of three main subatomic particles: the electron, proton, and neutron.
2• Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus of the atom.
3• The protons and neutrons are located inside the nucleus, while the electrons exist outside of the nucleus.
4• In stable atoms, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

37. Modern atomic theory
The type of atom is determined by the number of protons it has.
• The number of protons in an atom is equal to the atomic number.
• The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a particular atom is called the atomic mass.
• Valence electrons are the outermost electrons.