1. Second Generation Problem
We discussed what constitutes a “Second Generation” problem—it is bigger than the state.
We considered that we either do not have, or do not have faith in, the institutions, instruments and actors, to operate at this level, i.e. above the state.
The problem of Sovereignty

2. Global Atmospheric Change
Reminder: This is induced by man, mainly through the emission of CO2 and Methane and NOx
It is not scientifically possible to prove, in the strict sense, the effects of GAC, but of course, we can measure the change.
Effects could include Global “Warming”, Sea-Level change, Extreme Events.

3. Global Atmospheric Change
The Impact of Global Atmospheric Change will be felt through extreme events such as …
Flooding

4. Global Atmospheric Change: Extreme Events
Uncontrollable Fire

5. Global Atmospheric Change: Extreme Events
More Frequent, Powerful
and Deadly Hurricanes

6. Global Atmospheric Change: Extreme Events
Drought
Giant Hail
Snowstorms

7. Global Atmospheric Change: Extreme Events
Twisters

8. And what of the slower, longer-lasting effects?
Global Sea-Level Change would eliminate cities such as Venice
Or heavily-populated delta areas like Bangladesh
Some island countries like the Madives or Tuvalu would disappear completely.

9. And, why would sea-level rise?
Because the rise in average temperatures would steadily melt the great icecaps, such as
Greenland, which is 5 miles deep
Or Antarctica.

10. And what is warming the atmosphere?
Short-wave radiation in
Long-wave Radiation out
CO2 trapping some L-W radiation
And reflecting it back to Earth

11. the global rise in av. temp.
What can we prove?
We can prove that the level of CO2 has been rising
We can show that CO2 has the capacity to influence the climate in theory
We can indicate that the effect of this climate change would be both short-term, and long-term (extreme events, and systemic change)
And this clearly shows
the global rise in av. temp.
This clearly shows
the build up of CO2
But we cannot prove
that a causes b.

12. And what causes CO2?
COMBUSTION

13. And what controls CO2?

14. How can we deal with this?
Fertilize the Oceans to encourage phytoplankton growth
Expand tree planting and restrict deforestation

15. How can we deal with this?
Increase fuel efficiency
Increase alternative energy
Stop wasting energy
Carbon tax

16. Ultimately, we must reduce CO2
Nature can do this in theory by increasing growth of vegetation and ocean plankton in response to growth of “food”
But not if we reduce its capacity.
Globally, we have failed to reach agreement on CO2 reduction via the Kyoto Agreement.

17. California, After
Global Sea-Level Rise