1. Tutorial presentation, IEEE Globecom 2016, DC, USA
5G Wireless Communications Enabling Technologies
Acknowledgement
Tianyu Wang, Hongyu Cui, Boya Di, Yun Liao, Radwa Sultan, Yunan Gu,
Huaqing Zhang, Yanru Zhang, Zhiwen Hu, Siavash Bayat, and Yonghui Li
Tutorial presentation, IEEE Globecom 2016, DC, USA
ECE4317 Class 27

2. History of Mobile Communications
1900: Famous patent No. 7777, "tuned or syntonic telegraphy"
1900: Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited founded
1901: Transmitting the first wireless signals across the Atlantic between Poldhu, Cornwall, and St. John's, Newfoundland, a distance of 2100 miles.
1909: The Nobel Prize in Physics

3. A Market Needs both Technology and Application
to everything
From data …
to voice …

4. Standardization Facilitates Technology Evolution
Each new evolution builds on the established market of the previous
Backwards-compatible evolution
But larger technology steps require revolutions:
2015
2005
2000
1995
2010
From TDMA:
to CDMA:
to OFDMA:

5. Future Wireless Challenges
Explosion of data traffic VS
Limited spectrum
Source: Irish Regulator ComReg Announces Results of its 4G Spectrum Auction
Fig. 2 Results of Irish 4G Spectrum Auction
Fig.1 Cisco Visual Networking Index Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth

6. KPIs Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
1000X Capacity
(Traffic and Connections)
10Gbps
10X Peak Data Rate
(10+Gbps)
10X User Rate Anywhere
(100M-1Gbps)
6 Key Requirements
5-10X Spectrum Efficiency
1000X Energy&Cost Reduce
10X Low Latency,
High reliability

7. Future Wireless Challenges: Analysis
Signal to Noise plus Interference Radio
Scaled Transmission Time
Capacity：C = N * W * T * log(1 + SINR)
No. of APs
Bandwidth

8. Evolution （1） Evolutions
Ultra Dense Deployment:
LTE-Hi and Further Evolution
Cell Edge User Experience:
Coordination and Comp, Advanced IC
Link Efficiency:
Massive MIMO, 3D-BF,
Full-duplex
More Scenarios and Use Case：
M2M, D2D, V2X
Smart Network:
Service & Environment Awareness
SON; Multi-Radio/Multi-RAT SON
Flexible Network and High
Reliability: Mobile Relay, UE Relay,
MAC direct,

9. Rethinking “Cells” in Cellular
How should cellular
systems be designed?
Coop
MIMO
Small
Cell
Relay
Will gains in practice be
big or incremental; in
capacity or coverage?
DAS
Traditional cellular design “interference-limited”
MIMO/multiuser detection can remove interference
Cooperating BSs form a MIMO array: what is a cell?
Relays change cell shape and boundaries
Distributed antennas move BS towards cell boundary
Small cells create a cell within a cell
Mobile cooperation via relays, virtual MIMO, network coding.

10. Green” Cellular Networks
Pico/Femto
How should cellular
systems be redesigned
for minimum energy?
Coop
MIMO
Relay
DAS
Research indicates that
significant savings is possible
Minimize energy at both the mobile and base station via
New Infrastuctures: cell size, BS placement, DAS, Picos, relays
New Protocols: Cell Zooming, Coop MIMO, RRM, Scheduling, Sleeping, Relaying
Low-Power (Green) Radios: Radio Architectures, Modulation, coding, MIMO

11. Peer-to-peer communications Routing can be multihop.
Ad-Hoc Networks
Peer-to-peer communications
No backbone infrastructure or centralized control
Routing can be multihop.
Topology is dynamic.
Fully connected with different link SINRs
Open questions
Fundamental capacity region
Resource allocation (power, rate, spectrum, etc.)
Routing
-No backbone: nodes must self-configure into a network.
-In principle all nodes can communicate with all other nodes, but multihop routing can reduce the interference associated with direct transmission.
-Topology dynamic since nodes move around and link characteristics change.
-Applications: appliances and entertainment units in the home, community networks that bypass the Internet. Military networks for robust flexible easily-deployed network (every soldier is a node).

12. Software-Defined (SD) Radio:
Is this the solution to the device challenges? BT
A/D
FM/XM
Cellular
GPS
A/D
DVB-H
DSP
Apps
Processor
A/D
WLAN
Media
Processor
Wimax
A/D
Wideband antennas and A/Ds span BW of desired signals
DSP programmed to process desired signal: no specialized HW
Today, this is not cost, size, or power efficient
SubNyquist sampling may help with the A/D and DSP requirements

13. Cognitive Radios
CRRx
NCRRx
NCRTx
CRTx
NCR IP CR
MIMO Cognitive Underlay
Cognitive Overlay
Cognitive radios support new users in existing crowded spectrum without degrading licensed users
Utilize advanced communication and DSP techniques
Coupled with novel spectrum allocation policies
Multiple paradigms
(MIMO) Underlay (interference below a threshold)
Interweave finds/uses unused time/freq/space slots
Overlay (overhears/relays primary message while cancelling interference it causes to cognitive receiver)

14. Wireless Sensor Networks
Data Collection and Distributed Control
Smart homes/buildings
Smart structures
Search and rescue
Homeland security
Event detection
Battlefield surveillance
Energy (transmit and processing) is the driving constraint
Data flows to centralized location (joint compression)
Low per-node rates but tens to thousands of nodes
Intelligence is in the network rather than in the devices

15. NOMA
Time + Code + Frequency +
Power ?
NOMA
Denmark

16. PD-NOMA
 successive interference canceller (SIC)

17. Comparison AMC (adaptive modulation coding)
TPC (transmit power control)

18. Software-Defined Network Architecture
Cloud Computing
Video
Security
Vehicular
Networks
App layer
M2M
Health
Freq.
Allocation
Power
Control
Self
Healing
ICIC
QoS
Opt. CS
Threshold
Network Optimization
UNIFIED CONTROL PLANE
Distributed Antennas
WiFi
Cellular
mmWave
Ad-Hoc
Networks
HW layer …

19. mmWave Massive MIMO mmWaves have large non-monotonic path loss
Hundreds
of antennas
Dozens of devices
10s of GHz of Spectrum
mmWaves have large non-monotonic path loss
Channel model poorly understood
For asymptotically large arrays with channel state information, no attenuation, fading, interference or noise
mmWave antennas are small: perfect for massive MIMO
Bottlenecks: channel estimation and system complexity
Non-coherent design holds significant promise

20. Different requirements than smartphones: low rates/energy consumption
What is the Internet of Things:
Enabling every electronic device to be connected to each other and the Internet
Includes smartphones, consumer electronics, cars, lights, clothes, sensors, medical devices,…
Value in IoT is data processing in the cloud
Different requirements than smartphones: low rates/energy consumption

21. LTE-U Continually Changing
Industry defined coexistence with 3GPP Release 12 – primarily USA
Already incorporates 3GPP 10 and 11
Built on carrier aggregation of LTE-Advanced
No license required to use spectrum
Radios must comply with existing FCC Part 15 regulations
Non-exclusive spectrum use
Spectrum subject to interference
Consistency, Accessibility and Reliability
Disrupts existing WiFi
Quality of Service
Discontinuous Transmission
Capacity over Coverage
No new deployments in locations without existing licensed coverage
Significant performance gains over WiFi

22. LTE-U Frequencies Power Frequency and use specific Typical:
200 mW indoor
1 W outdoor

23. Social Networks
A social network is a description of the social structure between actors, mostly individuals or organizations. It indicates the ways in which they are connected through various social familiarities ranging from casual acquaintance to close familiar bonds.

24. Cloud Architecture

26. LTE-V

27. Fundamentals of Wireless Charging
A. Wireless Charging Technologies:
Wireless charging is usually realized through inductive coupling, resonance coupling, and non-directive RF radiation
In capacitive coupling, the achievable amount of coupling capacitance is dependent on the available area of the device. However, for a normal size portable electronic device, it is hard to generate sufficient power density for charging, which imposes a challenging design limitation.
For directive RF power beamforming, the limitation lies in that the charger needs to know the exact location of the energy receiver. Due to the obvious limitation of above 2 techniques, wireless charging is usually realized
through other three techniques, i.e., magnetic inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, and non-directive RF radiation.

28. Cooperative Transmission
New communication paradigm
Exploring broadcast nature of wireless channel
Relays can be served as virtual antenna of the source
MIMO system
Multi-user and multi-route diversity
Most popular research in current wireless communication
Industrial standard: IEEE WiMAX J
Destination
Destination
Phase 1
Phase 2
Sender
Sender
Relay
Relay 28

29. PHY Security: Simple Example
Wireless transmission of a user
Eavesdropped by an eavesdropper
Notion of secrecy capacity
Maximum rate sent from a wireless node to its destination in the presence of eavesdroppers
Secrecy capacity of user 1 :
C1 = (Cd1 - Ce1)+
I can hear User 1!
Cd1
Ce1