1. Dimas P.Nugraha Departemen Farmakologi dan Terapi FK UR
PENGANTAR OBAT OTONOM DAN GANGLION
Dimas P.Nugraha
Departemen Farmakologi dan Terapi FK UR

4. The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system

5. The autonomic nerves innervate smooth muscles, cardiac tissue and glands.
Both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems have ganglia where ACh is the transmitter of the preganglionic fibers; ACh acts on nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic nerves.
ACh is also the neurotransmitter at cells of the adrenal medulla, where it acts on nicotinic ACh receptors to cause release of the catecholamines epinephrine (Epi) and NE into the circulation

6. ACh is the predominant neurotransmitter of postganglionic parasympathetic nerves and acts on muscarinic receptors.
NE is the principal neurotransmitter of postganglionic sympathetic nerves, acting on or adrenergic receptors

7. The somatic nerves innervate skeletal muscle directly without a ganglionic relay

9. Response to symphatetic activation

10. Sympathetic Fight or Flight Response

11. Response to parasymphatetic Activation

13. Action of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on effector organs

14. Efek utama yang dimediasi oleh Alpha and Beta adrenoceptors

15. Site at Which Drugs Act To Modify Cell Functions

17. Example of Cholonergic and adrenergic Drug Treatment : Glaucoma

18. Penyakit glaucoma tipe tertentu dapat diobati dengan memodifikasi aktivitas simpatik dan parasimpatik di bola mata.
Cholinergic agonist seperti pilocarpin dapat meningkatkan pengeluaran aqueos humor melalui canalis schlemm
Adrenergic antagonis seperti Timolol menurunkan aliran masuk aqueos humor sehingga dapat mengurangi gejala glaucoma

21. Drugs That act On The Autonomic nervous System

22. Process Affected
Drug Example
Site
Action
Action potential propagation
Local anesthetics, tetrodotoxin,1 saxitoxin2
Nerve axons
Block sodium channels; block conduction
Transmitter synthesis
Hemicholinium
Cholinergic nerve terminals: membrane
Blocks uptake of choline and slows synthesis
Transmitter storage
Reserpine
Adrenergic terminals: vesicles
Prevents storage, depletes
Transmitter release
Botulinum toxin
Cholinergic vesicles
Prevents release
Tyramine, amphetamine
Adrenergic nerve terminals
Promote transmitter release

23. Process Affected
Drug Example
Site
Action
Transmitter reuptake after release
Cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants
Adrenergic nerve terminals
Inhibit uptake; increase transmitter effect on postsynaptic receptors
Receptor activation or blockade
Norepinephrine
Receptors at adrenergic junctions
Binds receptors; causes contraction
Nicotine
Receptors at nicotinic cholinergic junctions (autonomic ganglia, neuromuscular end plates)
Binds nicotinic receptors; opens ion channel in postsynaptic membrane
Tubocurarine
Neuromuscular end plates
Prevents activation
Atropine
Receptors, parasympathetic effector cells
Binds muscarinic receptors; prevents activation
Enzymatic inactivation of transmitter
Neostigmine
Cholinergic synapses (acetylcholinesterase)
Inhibits enzyme; prolongs and intensifies transmitter action

24. TERIMA KASIH
SELAMAT BELAJAR