1. How were groups legally discriminated against?
Jim Crow & Segregation
How were groups legally discriminated against?

2. Legal Discrimination (De jure segregation)
1877: Although 15th Amendment gives all citizens the right to vote, there are certain voting restrictions in the south:
Literacy tests
Poll Tax
Jim Crow Laws (De jure)
State laws that allowed for segregated public & private facilities (schools, restaurants, theatres, public transit, etc)
Most laws unchallenged even though 14th Amendment states equality under the law
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Homer Plessy (1/8th black) tries to challenge Jim Crow Laws while riding on trains that cross state lines (ICC should cover this)
Sup. Court rules “separate but equal” is not a violation of 14th Amendment

3. Racial Etiquette (De facto segregation)
Social customs regulate relationships between whites & blacks
Many want blacks to have “step & fetch” mentality
African Americans who didn’t “follow custom” could face violence & death (lynching)
: 1,400 blacks are killed for not following “etiquette”
Discrimination outside the South (De facto)
North: Blacks forced into segregated neighborhoods, labor unions disallow black membership, blacks fired before whites
-West: Native Americans forced to live on reservations, children to boarding schools
West: Many Mexicans forced into debt peonage (forced to work until your debt is paid off), some segregation
West: Most Chinese segregated in schools (esp. California)