1. Freshwater
Wetlands

2. I. Wetlands 
A. Definition - an ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year
B. Usefulness - productive ecosystems that serve as breeding grounds from insects to fish to birds. It also cleans the water.

3. C. Formation -
From geological or ecological factors such as: tidal flows, flooding rivers, connections with groundwater, or because they are above aquifers or potholes.

4. D. Characteristics
found all over the world in lowland areas or along rivers, lakes, streams
2. Most are temporary and seasonal - occur for a few weeks at a time.
3. Some are always under water.

5. E. Organisms Present
- cattails, rushes, and other tall grass-like plants, bald cypress trees, turtles, otters, alligators, and herons.

6. II. Role of Wetlands in an Ecosystem
Prevent flooding by holding water
much like a sponge.
B. Help keep river levels normal by
accepting and releasing water.
C. Filter and purify the surface
water. 

7. III. Wetlands & Water Purification
Wetlands purify water by filtering out sedimentation, decomposing
vegetative matter and converting
chemicals into useable form. 
B. Ability of wetlands to recycle
nutrients makes them critical in the
earth’s functioning.
C. No other ecosystem type is as
productive or unique in the conversion
process.

8. IV. Types of Wetlands
A. Swamps - slow moving streams, rivers or isolated depressions that host trees and some shrubs.
B. Bog - a peat-accumulating wetland lacking a direct inflow and outflow of water (water is from precipitation)
1. Grows shrubs, evergreens, and mosses.

9. Swamp

10. Bog

11. IV. Types of Wetlands
C. Prairie Pothole - Shallow, bowl-like depressions having variable wetness (not wet year-round)
1. Found in the northern Great Plains.
2. Used for breeding by birds.

12. Prairie Pothole

13. IV. Types of Wetlands D. Marsh - an inland area with 1–6 feet of water
contains a variety of grasses, flowers, and bushes
2. Muskrats are common in marshes.

14. Marsh

15. IV. Types of Wetlands E. Riparian Marsh Marshes along rivers
1. Serve two ecological roles:
a. to absorb excess water when river levels are high
b. to release needed water when river levels are low.
2. Balancing river levels helps prevent floods and droughts. 

16. Riparian Marsh

17. 3. The straightening and deepening of rivers to enable commerce/trade has caused a loss of riparian marshes.
4. Few riparian marshes are left.
5. It’s believed that the great Mississippi River flood of 1993 was worse due to the loss of riparian marshes. 

18. IV. Types of Wetlands
F. Estuaries- wetland formed where a river meets the sea.
Contain a mixture of fresh water and salt water.
Affected by the rise and fall of ocean tides.
4. Shallowness allows for photosynthesis to occur.
5. spawning and nursery grounds for commercial fish & shellfish
(shrimps and crabs)

19. Estuary

20. 5. Food Webs Differ from the Norm
a. Most primary producers
not consumed by herbivores.
b. Organic material enters as detritus. (Dead plants and animals)
c. Detritus is base of the food
web.
d. Organisms feeding on detritus: clams, worms, sponges, crayfish, and shrimp

21. Be sure to answer questions on your notes guide by filling in the
blanks.

22. A wetland near you that has been constructed to clean and filter the drinking water that you use at home….
NTMWD: John Bunker Sands Wetlands

23. A wetland near you…

24. Location… Animals that benefit…
Animals that benefit…

25. Resident at the Environmental Education Center…