1. Algae, Fungi, and Early Plants

2. The major branches of life
Kingdoms:
Fungi
(external
digestion)
Plantae
(photosynthetic)
Animalia
(ingest food)
Protist Kingdoms
Multicellular
Unicellular
Domains:
Archaea
Eukaryota
Bacteria
Prokaryotic
cell design
Eukaryotic
1st cellular organism

3. Evolution of Multicellularity
sponge
Evolution of Multicellularity
1) cells came to live in clusters, _______
E.g. Volvox
Volvox
Cells can live ___________
Anti-________ advantages
_____ predators if larger
2) Specialized ________ evolved
Types became ___________
E.g., sponges
jelly
3) ___ organs evolved
Produced ______ sex cells
Simplest example: ______

4. Kingdom Fungi: Molds, yeasts & mushrooms
Multicellular, except _______
Heterotrophic: ‘other-eating’
Can’t make _______ from CO2
Must eat _______ of other organisms
External digestion, absorb small _________
Made up of __________ network
Each filament = ________
Underground, “____-like”
“Mushroom” = ______ body, densely packed _____

5. Life cycle of a typical fungus
Fruiting body is _________,
two haploid _____ per cell
2) Haploid nuclei fuse,
form ______ zygote
Mushroom is a
“fruiting body”
3) Meiosis
4) haploid _____
+ and - strains
8) Fruiting body grows
from _________
5) Spores grow
into hyphae by
____________
6) + and – hyphae fuse,
become ____________
(nuclei are still ______)
7) Fused hyphae grow,
form _________

6. Types of fungi:
Club fungi: _________mycetes
Spores occur on club-like basidia

7. Cup fungi: ________mycetes
Spores occur in ___-like structures
morel
Penicillium

8. Ecological roles of fungi
Decomposer fungi
Break down organic _________
Make nutrients available to plant _______

9. Get nutrition from a ___
Entomophagous fungus
insect
Cordyceps
Parasitic fungi
Get nutrition from a ___
corn smut
ringworm

10. Mutualistic fungi: live along with other species E.g., Lichen:
bact.
E.g., Lichen:
Mutualistic with photosynthetic ____ or _________
Fungus provides minerals by decomposing _____
Photosynthetic symbiont provides energy from ___
Together, beak down rock to form _____

11. Mycorrhiza: symbiotic with green _______
Live in _______ on plant roots
Make soil nutrients available to _______
Plants provide _____ (via. photosynthesis)
Also involved in plant _____________
________ molecules between ________ plants

12. Kingdom Plantae: ___________ plants
Multicellular algae:
Resemble terrestrial plants, but:
Lack true stems, _____, vascular tissue, ______,
________
Reproduce vegetatively (_________) or with _______ gametes (sexually)
Red algae
Have a Calcium ”_______”
Look red, green light is absorbed

13. b) Brown algae (often olive-green):
“Sea weed” or “______”
Gas-filled _______ for _________ reproduction
Holdfast = __________
floats
holdfast

14. c) Green algae:
Usually small, often _____-water
Sea lettuce (Ulva)
Spirogyra

15. Land plants probably evolved in _____ water
From unicellular green algae ~_____ mya
Modern example: Chlamydomonas
Has ____________ & _____________
Plants came on to land m.y. before _______

16. Early land plants E.g. Cooksonia Vascular tissue for ______ No _______
Simple _________

17. Phylogeny (__________ history) of land plants