1. Evolution
Change over time

2. Theory of Evolution
Idea supported by scientific evidence (but no concrete experiments) over a long period of time
Change in a species due to mutation of the DNA code that occurs over a long time

3. Meiosis/Mitosis Connection
Humans have 22 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome (23 pairs of chromosomes total) in their sperm and egg cells.
It is on the 22 autosomal chromosomes that a mutation could occur

4. Who is Jean Lamarck?
One of the first to acknowledge unifying modification
He suggested that similar species came from a common ancestor
This was evident in fossil records

5. Lamarck’s Theory “Acquired traits”
Use of structure results in evolution
Does not take into account DNA or sex cell mutations

6. Lamarck’s Rejection
His hypothesis was rejected, and easily disproved but, he was a forerunner of modern technology
He was the first to clearly state that types of organisms are a result of modifications over time
This idea was present more convincingly 50 years later

7. Charles Darwin 1809-1882 Known for two theories:
Decent with Modification
Modification by Natural Selection

8. Decent with Modification
All species have descended from one or a few “original “ types of life (common ancestor)

9. Natural Selection “Survival of the Fit” Limiting Factors Include:
Environment
Climate
Competition Resources
Fit Reproduce
Best adapted species will survive

10. Darwin’s key ideas:
A. REPRODUCTION: Organisms produce more offspring than can survive
B. VARIATION:Variety in traits exist
C. SURVIVAL OF THE FIT: Some traits allow survival & are passed on
D. Over time certain variations make up most of a population & they may be different from their ancestors

11. Theories of Evolution:
Lamarck:
“Acquired Traits”
Theory Abandoned
No knowledge of genetic traits or mutations in sex cells
Darwin:
Current theory
Natural Selection
“Survival of fit”
Reproduction of the best adapted species

12. ACTIVITY Using the concept map 
Fill in as many words as you can at this moment…
Define each word: grab a Biology book to help you.
Take 10 minutes to do this

13. Evolution Evidence: 1. Fossils 2. Adaptations 3. Comparative anatomy
4. Comparative Biochemistry
5. Comparative embryology
6. Plate Tectonics

14. What we are going to do:
Over the next five days we will be looking at each one of these in depth.
This also means that we have an activity for the next five days
Some of these activities will be outside and you will be warned ahead of time!

15. 1. Fossil Evidence: Once living remains of organisms Limited:
Type of material preserved (bone, shell, impressions, amber)
Incomplete record
Easily disrupted

16. Plant Fossil Evidence:

17. Grand Canyon Lab
In groups of three you are to complete this lab activity. You have thirty minutes!

18. 2. Adaptations: features suited to a particular environment that allow organisms to survive
Inuit people, who live in the extreme cold of the Arctic, have short, stout bodies that conserve heat.

19. Masai people, who live in the arid lands of eastern Africa, have tall, lean bodies that disperse heat well.

20. Plant Adaptations: Venus Fly Trap Captures Animals Acquires Minerals
For Photo-
synthesis
Help!!!

21. Leaf Adaptations:
Succulents
Thick
Store Water
Prevent Drying out

22. Leaf Adapatations: Pine Needles Shed snow Less water loss
Reduced surface area
Tolerate wind

23. Flower Adaptations: Fly pollination: Hair along petals Putrid smell
Bee pollination:
Smooth petal
Sweet smell

24. Examples of Adaptations
Insecticides – Over the years many insects have become resistant to the type of insecticides we have been using. Why?
Species change – if a insect is susceptible to the insecticide they will die, the ones that are not survive and continue to reproduce.

25. Round-Up Ready Crops – crops have been genetically engineered to be resistant to round up, allowing the spray to be used and not controlled by what it touches
These plants can get out in the wild or crossbreed creating “super plants” that can no longer be controlled

26. Antibiotics – These are used to fight bacterial infections, but have become less successful in some cases. Why?
The bacteria that are susceptible die of, leaving on the strong ones to grow and multiple

27. What would you do?
Take the knowledge that you just learned, and explain in detail an adaptation you would want. Why would you want this adaptation? What draw backs could come about because of this adaptation?
At least 15 sentences

28. Wooly Worm Lab
Insects are a huge disturbance in agriculture. In this lab we will be looking at adaptations and natural selection in the dreaded wooly worm!

29. 3. Comparative Anatomy: Structural similarities link related species

30. Comparative Anatomy Structures:
Homologous:
Same ancestor
“homo”=same
Same underlying structures
Different Functions
Different Environments
Analogous:
Different ancestors
“ana”=different
Different underlying structures
Same Function
Similar Environments

31. Bird Wing Fly wing Analogous Structures
Different underlying structures (different ancestors)
Same function, similar environments
Bird Wing
Fly wing

32. Homologous Structures:
Same underlying structures, different functions, different environments & common ancestor
Bird Wing
Porpoise Flipper

33. Comparative Anatomy Structures:
Vestigial Structures
Structures that are present, but not necessary
These structures show a change has occurred over time
Both whales and snakes have tiny leg like bones that are not visible or used showing that they evolved from animals that had legs

34. Cladogram Activity
How does a chart help teach us about anatomy?

35. 4.Comparative Biochemistry
Similar DNA sequences=
Similar Gene segments of the DNA
Code for similar traits
In closely related species

36. Amino Acid Lab
To see how DNA sequences can be similar, but produce different animals…we will be looking at cladograms and DNA sequences together!

37. 5. Comparative embryology:
Similar embryo development in closely related species

38. Lets see how smart you are
Each group has gotten a baggie that contains a number pictures of 4 different organism’s embryos at different stages.
Your job is to correctly place the stages for each organism.

39. 6. Plate Tectonics Geological theory:
Continental masses were one land mass
Closely related species have common ancestors on now separated continents

40. Example:
Cattle:
Braham
Come from India
Hereford
Come from England
Both cattle are from a common ancestor and used for meat production, but they look different. This is because they evolved or changed due to their environment.