1. Biology Review Benchmark Test #3
Standards 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D
DNA, Genes, Chromosomes
DNA Replication
Protein Synthesis
Biotechnology
Meiosis
Genetics
Mutations

2. DNA
DNA is considered the code of life because it codes for ________________.
(TRUE or FALSE) Organisms that are closely related share more similar DNA sequences compared to organisms not closely related.
Circle the two DNA strands most likely related:
ATGCGGTTA TAACGTACC CATTAAGGC
AGCTGCAAT ATGCGGTAA GCAGCTCTG

3. Chromosomes
__________________________ - structure in the nucleus of cells that consist of one long molecule of DNA condensed & coiled around proteins.
Chromosomes contain sections of DNA called _____________ which code for _______________.
Humans have ______ chromosomes arranged in ______ pairs  _____ autosomes & _____ sex chromosomes (X or Y)

4. DNA Gene – section of DNA DNA double helix duplicated chromosome coils
centromere
sister chromatids
supercoils
coils
histone proteins
nucleosome
DNA double helix

5. DNA Replication ____________________________ - copying DNA.
(TRUE or FALSE) Occurs during S phase of Interphase.
Replication produces _____ identical copies of DNA molecules.
(TRUE or FALSE) Each DNA molecule copied contains 1 strand of old DNA & 1 strand of new DNA.
(TRUE of FALSE) Enzymes involved in DNA replication.

7. Steps of DNA Replication
Double helix unzips and then complementary base pairs are added (A-T and C-G)

8. Protein Synthesis
(TRUE or FALSE) Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation.
_______________________ - process of DNA being copied into mRNA.
Occurs in the _____________________ of a cell
_______________________ - process of synthesizing proteins by using RNA.
Occurs at the _____________________ of a cell

9. Protein Synthesis
DNA > mRNA > Protein

11. 3 Types of RNA _____ mRNA a) carries amino acids to ribosome
_____rRNA b) form ribosomes
_____tRNA c) copy of instructions; complementary to DNA
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

12. Protein Synthesis DNA RNA Amino Acid T A C G
__________________________
DNA
RNA
Amino Acid T A C G
__________________________

13. Mutations ______________________ - change in DNA
(TRUE or FALSE) Mutations can result from a malfunction during mitosis or meiosis.
(TRUE or FALSE) Most mutations are automatically repaired by an organism’s enzymes.
If the mutant cell is a body cell, the daughter cells can be affected resulting in the mutation (being passed, not being passed) to the offspring.
If the mutant cell is a gamete, the daughter cells can be affected resulting in the mutation (being passed, not being passed) to the offspring.

14. Types of Mutations _____________ Mutations – affects a single gene
________________ Mutations – affects chromosomes
Point Mutation  substitution, addition, or removal of a single nucleotide
Frameshift Mutation  addition or deletion of nucleotide
(TRUE or FALSE) Mutations may be beneficial.

15. DNA or RNA? DNA RNA Nucleic Acid Composed of Nucleotides
Single Stranded
Double Stranded
Genetic Material
Phosphate
Pentose 5 C Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
A, G, C
Uracil
Thymine

16. Meiosis

17. Sequence Meiosis I and II
___

18. Crossing Over
___________________ - homologous chromosomes exchange DNA.
(TRUE or FALSE) Crossing over increases genetic variation.
Crossing over occurs during ___________________.

19. Mitosis and Meiosis

20. Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis
Produces more cells
Body cells
Produces haploid cells
Sexual Reproduction
Sperm & Egg
Gametes
Genetically identical cells
Produces diploid cells
Increases genetic variation
Sex cells
Somatic cells
Genetically different cells
Asexual Reproduction

21. Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis
TWO divisions
DNA from one parent
Occurs in ALL organisms
“Crossing Over”
Occurs in many organisms
DNA from two parents
Reduces chromosome number
Maintains chromosome number
ONE division
Produces cells with 23 chromosomes
TETRAD
Skin cells, liver cells, hair cells
Produces cells with 46 chromosomes

22. Comparing Haploid and Diploid
How many chromosomes in ……
“Normal” Human
1) n cells?
2) Diploid cells?
3) Gamete cells?
4) Cells that asexually reproduce?
5) Somatic cells?
6) Sex cells?
7) Haploid cells?
8) 2n cells?
9) Sperm cells?
10) Cells that sexually reproduce?