1. 10.1 Early Ideas About Evolution

2. Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution.
Evolution is the biological change process by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors.
A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring.

3. There were many important naturalists in the 18th century.
Linnaeus: classification system from kingdom to species
Buffon: species shared ancestors rather than arising separately
E. Darwin: more-complex forms developed from less complex forms
Lamarck: environmental change leads to use or disuse of a structure

4. Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’ s theory.
There were three theories of geologic change. p300
catastrophism
gradualism
uniformitarianism

5. Uniformitarianism is the prevailing theory of geologic change
Uniformitarianism is the prevailing theory of geologic change. (key to the past)

6. 10.4 Evidence of Evolution

7. Evidence for evolution in Darwin’s time came from several sources.
Fossils in older layers are more primitive than those in the upper layers.

8. The study of geography provides evidence of evolution.
island species most closely resemble nearest mainland species
populations can show variation from one island to another
Biogeography – the study of the distribution
of organisms around the
world

9. Embryology provides evidence of evolution. p311
identical larvae, different adult body forms
similar embryos, diverse organisms
Embryology "the unborn, embryo“ is the branch of biology that studies the development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. 

10. The study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution. p312
Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function.

11. Analogous structures have different structure, similar function.
Analogous structures are not evidence of a common ancestor.

12. Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species.
Vestigial structures are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor.
Ostrich wings are examples of vestigial structures.

13. 10.5 Evolutionary Biology Today

14. Fossils provide a record of evolution.
Paleontology is the study of fossils or extinct organisms.

15. Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence.
DNA Sequence Analysis
Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences.

16. Pseudogene sequences providing evidence of evolution.
no longer function
carried along with functional DNA
can be clues to a common ancestor

17. Homeobox genes
indicate a very distant common ancestor.

18. Protein Comparisons
Molecular fingerprinting
Cells from different species that have the same proteins most likely have common ancestors.

19. Evolution unites all fields of biology
Scientist from any fields contribute to the understanding of evolution.
The basic principles of evolution are used in many scientific fields.