1. TECHNOLOGY GUIDE ONE
Computer Hardware

2. TECHNOLOGY GUIDE OUTLINE
TG1.1 Introduction TG1.2 Strategic Hardware Issues TG1.3 Innovations in Hardware Utilization TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies TG1.6 The Central Processing Unit TG1.7 Computer Memory

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Identify the major hardware components of a computer system.
Discuss the strategic issues that link hardware design to business strategy.
Discuss the innovations in hardware utilization.
Describe the hierarchy of computers according to power and their respective roles.

4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued)
Differentiate the various types of input and output technologies and their uses.
Describe the design and functioning of the central processing unit.
Discuss the relationships between microprocessor component designs and performance.

5. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued)
Describe the main types of primary and secondary storage.
Distinguish between primary and secondary storage along the dimensions of speed, cost, and capacity.
Define enterprise storage, and describe the various types of enterprise storage.

6. Hardware consists of:
Central processing unit (CPU) – think of a chef in a kitchen
Primary storage – think of the counter space in the kitchen
Secondary storage – think about storage in the cupboard
Input technologies
Output technologies
Communication technologies

7. TG1.2 Strategic Hardware Issues
How do organizations keep up with the rapid price and performance advancements in hardware?
How often should an organization upgrade its computers and storage systems?
Will upgrades increase personal and organizational productivity?
How can organizations measure such increase?
How do organizations manage telecommuting?

8. TG1.3 Innovations in Hardware Utilization (not so important)
Server Farms
Virtualization
Grid computing
Utility computing
Cloud computing
Edge Computing
Autonomic Computing
Nanotechnology

9. TG1.4 Computer Hierarchy Supercomputers Mainframe Computers
Midrange Computers
Workstations
Notebooks and Desktop Computers
Ultra-mobile PCs
Computing devices

10. TG1.5 Input and Output Technologies
Input technologies
Human data-entry
Source-data automation

11. Output Technologies
Output
Monitors
Printers
Plotters
Voice

12. Multimedia Technology
Merges capabilities

13. TG1.6 The Central Processing Unit
Central processing unit (CPU)
Microprocessor
Control unit
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
Registers

14. How the CPU Works Binary form Machine instruction cycle Clock speed
Word length
Bus width
Line width

15. Advances in Microprocessor Design
Years
Power 1½ 2 3 4 4½ 8 6 16 7½ 32 9 64
10½
125 12
256
13½
512 15
1024
Moore’s Law

16. TG1.7 Computer Memory Two basic categories of computer memory:
Primary Storage
Secondary Storage

17. Memory Capacity
Bit
Byte

18. Hierarchy of Memory Capacity
Kilobyte – 1,000 (thousand)
Megabyte – 1,000,000 (million)
Gigabyte – 1,000,000,000 (billion)
Terabyte – 1,000,000,000,000 (trillion)
Petabyte – 1,000,000,000,000,000
Exabyte – 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Zettabyte – 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

19. What's a Google? "Googol" is the mathematical term for a 1 followed by 100 zeros. The term was coined by Milton Sirotta, nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, and was popularized in the book, "Mathematics and the Imagination" by Kasner and James Newman. Google's play on the term reflects the company's mission to organize the immense amount of information available on the web.

20. Primary Storage
Primary storage or main memory

21. Main Types of Primary Storage
Registers (fastest primary storage)
Random access memory (RAM)
Cache memory
Read-only memory (ROM) (slowest primary storage)

22. Secondary Storage About Capacity Secondary Storage
Magnetic tape (sequential access) slow
Magnetic disks (direct access) faster
About Capacity
Compact Disk, Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
Digital Video Disk (DVD)

23. Flash Memory Devices
Flash memory Flash memory devices Thumb drive

24. Enterprise Storage Systems
Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks (RAID)
Storage Area Network (SAN)
Network Attached Storage (NAS) .