1. Chapter 12 An Age of Reform
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2. Section 1 – Improving Society
How did reformers and writers inspire change and spark controversy?
How did key people bring about reform in education and society?
What was the goal of the Second Great Awakening?
How did Dorothea Dix contribute to social reform?
How did public education improve in the mid-1800s?

3. Social Reform
Social reforms are movements that involve individuals organizing attempts to improve conditions of life.
Most states dropped property requirements for voting.
As a result, more white American men were able to vote than ever before.

4. Why would individuals support social reforms?
Your Thoughts?

5. Second Great Awakening!
In the early 1800’s, a new generation of ministers challenged some traditional views.
Religious leaders preached that people’s own actions determined their salvation.

6. Alcohol Abuse
The temperance movement was an organized effort to end alcohol abuse and the problems created by it.
Alcohol was widely used in the United States. Whiskey was cheaper than milk or beer, and safer to drink than water.
Many women and children suffered at the hands of husbands and fathers who drank too much.

7. What was the temperance movement?
The temperance movement was an organized effort to end alcohol abuse and the problems created by it.

8. Why was whiskey highly consumed throughout the United States?
Whiskey was widely used in the United States, because it was cheaper than milk or beer, and safer to drink than water.

9. Reforming Prisons Dorothea Dix took up the cause of prison reform.
She worked to convince state legislatures to build new, more sanitary, and more humane prisons.

10. Public Education
The first American schools were set up for religious purposes.
The Puritans believed that all people needed to be able to read and understand the Bible.
Massachusetts set up the first public schools, or free schools supported by taxes.

11. Why were schools originally set up in America?
The Puritans believed that all people needed to be able to read and understand the Bible.

12. Horace Mann and Public Education
Horace Mann convinced Massachusetts to improve its public school system.
It created colleges to train teachers, raised the salaries of teachers, and lengthened the school year.

13. What steps did Horace Mann take to improve the public schools?
Horace Mann created colleges to train teachers.
Mann encourage states to raise the salaries of teachers.
Lastly, he also lengthened the school year.

14. Opportunities for African Americans
In 1855, Massachusetts became the first state to admit African Americans students to public schools.
In major northern cities free African American educators opened their own schools.
In 1854, Pennsylvania chartered the nation’s first college for African American men.

15. Section 2 – The Fight Against Slavery
How did abolitionists try to end slavery?
How did slavery end in the North?
What role did Frederick Douglass play in the abolitionist movement?
How did the Underground Railroad work?
Why did some northerners oppose abolition?

16. Free States
There were multiple laws made by states and Congress that slowly ended slavery in the North.
By 1804, every northern state had ended or pledged to end slavery.
Congress also outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory.

17. What policy on slavery were being presented in 1804?
By 1804, every northern state had ended or pledged to end slavery.

18. American Colonization Society
The American Colonization Society was an antislavery organization that proposed the idea of freeing the slaves gradually and transporting them to Liberia, a colony founded in 1822 on the west coast of Africa.

19. Abolitionist Movement
An abolitionist was a reformer who wanted to abolish, or end, slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison was a Quaker who strongly opposed the use of violence to end slavery.
In 1831, he launched an abolitionist newspaper, the Liberator.
He also cofounded the New England Anti-Slavery Society.

20. What is an abolitionist?
An abolitionist was a reformer who wanted to abolish, or end, slavery.

21. Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass was born into slavery. He had broken the law by learning to read.
He later escaped to freedom in the North, and started publishing his own antislavery newspaper the North Star.
Former President John Quincy Adams, proposed a constitutional amendment that would ban slavery in any new state joining the Union.

22. Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of people who secretly helped slaves reach freedom.
There were multiple parts of the Underground Railroad. The “Conductors” were individuals who led fugitive slaves from one station to the next.
“Stations” were usually the homes of abolitionists, but also included churches or caves.

23. What was the Underground Railroad?
The Underground Railroad was a network of people who secretly helped slaves reach freedom.

24. Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman was a significant member of the Underground Railroad.
During her 19 trips to the South, she was able to escort more than 300 slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad.

25. Why is Harriet Tubman a significant person in history?
Harriet Tubman was a significant member of the Underground Railroad.
During her 19 trips to the South, she was able to escort more than 300 slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad.

26. Opposition against the Abolitionist Movement
Many northerners profited from the existence of slavery.
Textile mill owners and merchants relied on the cotton produced by the south.
Northern workers feared that freed slaves might come north and take their jobs.

27. Section 3 – A Call For Women’s Rights
How did the women’s suffrage movement begin?
Why did some reformers turn to the issue of women’s rights?
What was the purpose of the Declaration of Sentiments?
How did the lack of equal education opportunities hurt women?

28. Women’s Rights Limited
In 1820, the rights of American women were limited.
Women could not vote, serve on juries, attend college, or enter such professions as medicine or law.
Married women could not own property or keep their own wages.

29. What restrictions did American women face in the 1820’s?
Women could not vote.
Women serve on juries
Women could not attend college.
Women were not allowed to enter such professions as medicine or law.
Married women could not own property.
Any woman who work could not keep their own wages. (Their wages were turned over to their husbands or fathers.)

30. Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth was a woman born into slavery in New York State.
She was illiterate, but an inspirational speaker.
Truth became a powerful voice on behalf of both enslaved African Americans and women.

31. Who was Sojourner Truth?
Sojourner Truth was a woman born into slavery in New York State.
Truth became a powerful voice on behalf of both enslaved African Americans and women.

32. Lucretia Mott
Lucretia Mott was a Quaker and spent many years working in the antislavery movement.
Quakers allowed women to take public roles that other religions prohibited.
This allowed Mott to develop organization skills and public speaking, which set her apart from other women reformers.

33. Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York.
At the meeting reformers discussed the social, civil, and religious rights of women.
The Declaration of Sentiments listed the injustices women faced, including lack of educational opportunities and good jobs.
The purpose of the declaration was to demand full equity for women in every area of life.

34. What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
The Seneca Falls Convention was a meeting held by reformers to discuss the social, civil, and religious rights of women.

35. What did the Declaration of Sentiments demand?
The Declaration of Sentiments listed the injustices women faced, including lack of educational opportunities and good jobs.
The purpose of the declaration was to demand full equity for women in every area of life.

36. Seneca Falls, New York

38. Women’s Rights Movement
Women’s suffrage is the right of women to vote.
The women’s rights movement was an organized effort to improve the political, legal, and economic status of women in American society.
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were able to cofound the National Women Suffrage Association in 1869.
They were also able to convince New York to pass a law protecting women’s property rights.

39. Educational Opportunities
In 1821, Emma Willard started an academy in Troy, New York, that soon became the model for girls’ schools everywhere.
Many of the future female reformers would attend Willard’s school.
Gradually, American society came to accept that women could be educated.
This allowed for women expand their career opportunities.
Many women went on to become teachers.
While others expanded into other careers such as journalism, the sciences and medical fields.

40. What outcomes came from improvements in women’s education?
Gradually, American society came to accept that women could be educated.
This allowed for women expand their career opportunities.
Many women went on to become teachers.
While others expanded into other careers such as journalism, the sciences and medical fields.