1. Political theory and law
Revision – 2

2. Political theory and law
TOLERANCE

3. Political theory and law
Toleration
Individual freedom
Personal autonomy
Human interaction

4. Political theory and law
Toleration v. Indifference
Deliberate refusal to interfere / constrain
Moral neutrality
Form of forbearance

5. Political theory and law
Toleration v. Difference
Moral neutrality
Pluralism and relativism

6. Political theory and law
Toleration and Liberalism
Locke’s arguments for toleration
Mill’s arguments for toleration
Toleration as a core value of liberal societies

7. Political theory and law
Limits of Toleration
Excessive, abusive or damaging actions
Moral reciprocity
Grounds for censorship

8. Political theory and law
Secularism

9. Political theory and law
Freedom of religion Equality Tolerance Neutrality Freedom of Expression

10. Political theory and law
Equality

11. Political theory and law
Formal Equality
Foundational equality
Equal ‘rights’
Legal equality
Universal approval

12. Political theory and law
Equality of Opportunity
Initial condition
Removal of obstacles
Meritocracy
Positive discrimination

13. Political theory and law
Equality of Outcome
End results
Equality and individual liberty

14. Political theory and law
JUSTICE

15. Political theory and law
How should we define justice?
Everyday understanding of justice
Moral aspect
‘Due’
Distribution – Theories of Just distribution

16. Political theory and law
Rawls’s Theory of Justice
The Original Position – Veil of Ignorance
The Original Position – Motivation
Choice of Principles

17. PolITICAL THEORY AND LAW
The Democratic Conception – the Two Principles of Justice
Equal Liberty
Set of basic liberties
1. Equal Opportunity
Equal access to jobs and services
2. Difference principle
Inequalities are justified only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society.

18. PolITICAL THEORY AND LAW
Justice according to needs
Needs as the foundation of any fully human life
Universal needs
Distribution according to needs – Substantive Justice

19. PolICAL THEORY AND LAW Justice according to rights
Rights as moral entitlements
Non – egalitarian
Procedural Justice

20. Political theory and law
Democracy

21. Political theory and law
Avoiding tyranny
Essential rights
General freedom
Self determination
Moral autonomy
Human development
Protecting essential personal interests
Political equality
Robert Dahl, On democracy

22. Political theory and law
Liberal Democracy
Constitutional government
Limited government
Individual freedom
Checks and balances
Civil society
Property rights – Market economy
Fair and regular elections
Universal suffrage
Political pluralism

23. Political theory and law
Virtues of democracy
Locke – right to property
Bentham – universal suffrage
Rousseau – participation, general will
Mill – participation and intellectual development

24. Political theory and law
Vices of democracy
Rule of the ‘privileged minority’ (Pareto, Mosca, Michels)
‘Tyranny of the majority’ (De Tocqueville, Mill, Madison)
‘Instincts of uneducated masses’ (Ortega y Gasset, Talmon)

25. Political theory and law
Representation
Representation v. direct rule
Government and the governed
Elections
Mandates

26. POLITICAL THEORY AND LAW
What is necessary for democracy? Freedom Equality Rule of Law Popular Consent Secularism Fair & Competitive Elections