1. Enlightenment & Revolution
Chapter 22 (P

2. Scientific Revolution
A new way of thinking about the natural world
Based upon careful observation & willingness to question accepted beliefs

3. Heliocentric Theory
Sun is at the center of the universe
Copernicus

4. Galileo Galilei
Observations & laws of motion supported Copernicus’ theories
Frightened Catholic & Protestant leaders

5. Galileo Before the Catholic Court
Read a confession that Copernicus’ ideas were false
Under threat of torture
Lived under house arrest the rest of his life

6. The Scientific Method
A logical procedure for gathering & testing ideas
Relies on observation, experimentation, & scientific reasoning

7. Isaac Newton Law of universal gravitation
One of the greatest scientists of all time

8. Enlightenment
New intellectual movement that stressed reason & thought & the power of individuals to solve problems
Age of Reason
Reached height in mid 1700s

9. New Views on Government- Hobbes
Social Contract
People hand over their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law & order
Best Government = Absolute Monarchy

10. New Views on Government- Locke
Natural Rights
Life
Liberty
Property
Best Government = Self-Government (Democracy)

11. Philosophes Social critics Mostly in France
Believed people could apply reason to all aspects of life

12. Voltaire
Freedom of thought & expression
Religious freedom

13. Montesquieu
Separation of Powers
3 branches of government

14. Rousseau
Individual Freedom
Best Government = Direct Democracy

15. Beccaria
Abolishment of torture

16. Wolstonecraft
Women’s equality

17. Legacy of the Enlightenment
Belief in Progress
More Secular Outlook
Importance of the Individual

18. Salons Social gatherings that spread Enlightenment ideas
Mostly in homes of wealthy Parisians

19. Diderot’s Encyclopedia
Collection of articles & essays
Angered French Government & Catholic Church

20. Enlightened Despots
Monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideas & made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit

21. Frederick the Great Prussia Saw himself as a “servant of the state”
Introduced many reforms

22. Catherine the Great Russia Most admired by philosophes
Expanded Russian territory

23. The American Revolution
Enlightenment ideas in action
Colonial leaders used Enlightenment ideas to justify independence
Declaration of Independence- based on the ideas of Locke & Enlightenment
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness.”

24. Reasons for Success Americans’ motivation was stronger than British
Overconfident British generals made mistakes
Cost of war led British citizens to call for peace
French support

25. American Republic
Federal System- power divided between national & state governments
Checks & Balances (Montesquieu)
Bill of Rights (Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke)