1. Cognition: Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage
Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory Improvement
Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity
Solving Problems and Making Decisions
Thinking and Language

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6. Chunking- Grouping things together to make them easier to remember

7. bed rest awake tired dream wake snooze
blanket
doze 
slumber
snore nap peace yawn drowsy

8. Primacy- Remembering the first thing you heard
Recency- Remembering the most recent thing you heard

9. Module 31: Studying & Building Memories

10. MEMORY: The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

11. Sensory Memory works as a filter
Sensory Memory works as a filter. It allows us time to determine what to pay attention to.

13. Working Memory

14. Building Memories: Encoding
Explicit Memory: Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”
Effortful Processing: Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Automatic Processing: Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Implicit Memory: Retention independent of conscious recollection (skills we learn).

15. How does sensory memory work?
Iconic Memory: A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Echoic Memory: A momentary sensory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

16. Short-Term or Working Memory
Use it or lose it!!!!!
Working with information…..
Chunking =

17. Short-Term or Working Memory
Use it or lose it!!!!!
Working with information…..
Mnemonic Devices = Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information

18. Famous Mnemonic Devices
Read each sentence or phase and record what it stands for.
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally-
Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain-
Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge-
King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup-
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles-
Super Man Helps Every One-

19. Famous Mnemonic Devices
Read each sentence or phase and record what it stands for.
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally-
(Parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction)
Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain-
(Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet)
Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge-
(E,G,B,D,F)
King Phillip Cried Out For Good Soup-
(Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles-
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
Super Man Helps Every One-
(Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario)

20. Module 32: Memory Storage and Retrieval
Retaining Information in the Brain
Memories are NOT stored in one part of the brain.

21. Memory and the Brain
We are still learning about the role of the brain in MEMORY. To what extent the brain is
involved is still being
determined.

22. Storage: Long-Term Memory
hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
Processes explicit memories – then sent to multiple different regions.
Hippocampus

23. Long-Term Memory Types of Long-Term Memory
Episodic memory – memory of our own life (Personal facts)
Semantic memory – knowledge of language, including rules, words, and meanings
Declarative memory – Stored knowledge called forth consciously as needed; includes episodic and semantic
Procedural memory – As we gain a skill, we gradually lose the ability to describe what we are doing.
Procedural memory – Storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection

24. Memory Storage

25. DID YOU KNOW!
Flashbulb Memories are vivid recollections of events that are shocking or emotional
The SQ3R method of studying improves your ability to recognize and recall information

26. FACT: 59-year-old Akira Haraguchi recited from memory the first 83,431 decimal places of pi, earning a spot in the Guinness World Records.
FACT: Super card sharks can memorize the order of a shuffled deck of cards in less than a minute
FACT: According to evidence, it's impossible to recall images with near perfect accuracy
Alan Searleman, a professor of psychology at St. Lawrence University in New York, says eidetic imagery comes closest to being photographic. When shown an unfamiliar image for 30 seconds, so-called "eidetikers" can vividly describe the image—for example, how many petals are on a flower in a garden scene. They report "seeing" the image, and their eyes appear to scan across the image as they describe it. Still, their reports sometimes contain errors, and their accuracy fades after just a few minutes. Says Searleman, "If they were truly 'photographic' in nature, you wouldn't expect any errors at all."
Photographic memory – ability to form sharp, detailed visual images of a picture or page and to recall exactly what you saw.
DOES IT EXIST?

27. Superior Autobiographical Memory

28. Module 33: Forgetting, Memory, Construction, and Memory Improvement

29. Encoding Failure

30. Retrieval Failure

31. Motivated Forgetting
Self-serving personal histories
Repression

32. FORGETTING Types Decay – fading away of memory over time
Amnesia – loss of memory as a result of a blow to head or brain damage. Other causes: Stress/Drugs
Interference – blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories or loss of a retrieval cue
Procedural memory – As we gain a skill, we gradually lose the ability to describe what we are doing.
Proactive Interference: prior learning interferes with learning new information
Retroactive Interference: newly learned information interferes with previously learned information

33. Memory Construction Errors
Misinformation and Imagination
Source amnesia (source misattribution)
Déjà vu
Discerning True and False Memories
Repressed or Constructed Memories

34. Eyewitness Testimony It is often wrong Involves recognition
Memory of event is often distorted
Eyewitnesses can be misled by questioning

35. Improving Memory Rehearse repeatedly Make the material meaningful
Activate retrieval cues
Use mnemonic devices
Minimize interference
Sleep more
Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know

36. Module 34: Thinking, Cognition, and Creativity

37. Creativity Ways to boost creativity Develop your expertise
Allow time for incubation
Set aside time for the mind to roam freely
Experience other cultures and ways of thinking

38. Module 35: Solving Problems and Making Decisions

39. Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles
Algorithms
Step-by-step
Heuristic
Insight
Confirmation bias
Mental set

40. Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments
Intuition
Automatic unreasoned feelings and thoughts
Seat of their pants
The Representative Heuristic
Prototype
Likelihood of something
Overconfidence
Belief perseverance
Consider the opposite
Framing

41. Module 36: Thinking and Language

42. Language and Language Acquisitions

43. Language Development Receptive language Productive language
Babbling stage
One-word stage
Two-word stage
Telegraphic speech

44. Language Development

45. Language and the Brain
Aphasia
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area

46. Language What is language? Language Acquisition
Language Acquisition