1. The enlarging EU: tools, concerns and Pathways
Lecture 6

2. Enlargement as a political tool
To reunite Europe (and avoid Russian “expansion”
To calm down Western Balkans
To attract Ukraine and Caucasus (Georgia?)

3. Enlargement as a political tool
Passive leverage
The “carrot”
Active leverage
The “stick”

4. Active leverage
Assymetric
Meritocracy
The role of the Commission

5. The requirements The Copenhagen criteria The Acquis Communautaire
June 1993
Amsterdam Treat 1997
States that do not fulfil these criteria can be excluded from voting!
The Acquis Communautaire
About pages
Have to be accepted in full (no exceptions)

6. First “Road-Map”
White paper from 1994 to prepare applicant states for the Single Market
PHARE-aid programme

7. The process 1) signing trade agreements
2) signing association agreements (Europe Agreements)
3) beginning screening
4) opening negotiations
5) opening and closing of chapters
6) signing an accession treaty
7)ratification by national parliaments and European parliament

8. Association Agreements
The first tool of active leverage, but in effect not used
Essentially trade agreements, but establishing a political relationship as well (commercial interests before conditionality)

9. Opinions July 1997 opinions on membership applications
Overview of the state of the political and economic reforms in each country, plus how close for membership
1998 Regular reports

10. Agenda 2000 Taken in 1999 Prepared by the Commission in 1997
To enlarge, but also reform the EU

11. 10+2 negotiations
1998 Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovenia
1999 Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania

12. Western Balkans Kosovo crisis: need for new approach
Stabilisation and Association process
Stabilisation and association Agreements

13. After 2004 Enlargement fatigue Renewed commitment
2004/2005 Turkey and Croatia
2005 Road map