1. Chemistry The Five States of Matter
Matter can be defined as anything that takes up space, has mass, and has inertia. Chemistry is the study of matter and its interactions. This is an introduction to the most basic categories of matter.
Chumbler Revised by Shockley - Properties of Matter

2. The Five States of Matter Five States BEC Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
The most basic classification scheme of matter is based on the states of solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Of these the least discussed in most texts is plasma even though it is the most abundant of all states. 99% of all matter in the universe is plasma.

3. States of Matter The Five States of Matter
Basis of Classification of the Five Types
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles
The different states of matter are categorized by the arrangement and energy of the particles at normal temperatures and pressures. The state of matter can be altered by adding or removing energy and/or pressure which can affect the arrangement and energy of the particles.

4. BE Condensate Created in 1995 by Cornell and Weiman
Super unexcited and super cold; dense
(think condensation on steroids)
Happens at super low temperatures. At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all molecular motion stops. Scientists have figured out a way to get a temperature only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero. Used Rubidium.
Bose-Einstein Basics
The Bose-Einstein state of matter was the only one created while your parents were alive. In 1995, two scientists, Cornell and Weiman, finally created the condensate. When you hear the word condensate, think about condensation and the way gas molecules come together and condense and to a liquid. The molecules get denser or packed closer together. Two other scientists, Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein, had predicted it in the 1920s, but they didn't have the equipment and facilities to make it happen at that time. Now we do. If plasmas are super hot and super excited atoms, the atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) are total opposites. They are super unexcited and super cold atoms. About Condensation
Let's explain condensation first. Condensation happens when several gas molecules come together and form a liquid. It all happens because of a loss of energy. Gases are really excited atoms. When they lose energy, they slow down and begin to collect. They can collect into one drop. Water (H2O) vapor in the form of steam condenses on the lid of your pot when you boil water. It cools on the metal and becomes a liquid again. You would then have a condensate. The BEC happens at super low temperatures. We have talked about temperature scales and Kelvin. At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all molecular motion stops. Scientists have figured out a way to get a temperature only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero. When temperatures get that low, you can create a BEC with a few special elements. Cornell and Weiman did it with rubidium (Rb). Let the Clumping Begin
So, it's cold. A cold ice cube is still a solid. When you get to a temperature near absolute zero, something special happens. Atoms begin to clump. The whole process happens at temperatures within a few billionths of a degree, so you won't see this at home. When the temperature becomes that low, the atomic parts can't move at all. They lose almost all of their energy. Since there is no more energy to transfer (as in solids or liquids), all of the atoms have exactly the same levels, like twins. The result of this clumping is the BEC. The group of rubidium atoms sits in the same place, creating a "super atom." There are no longer thousands of separate atoms. They all take on the same qualities and, for our purposes, become one blob.

5. States of Matter Solids
Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.
Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.
Solids have an infinite number of free surfaces.

6. Solids Particle Movement Examples
States of Matter
Solids
Particle Movement Examples

7. States of Matter Liquids
Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.
Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.
Liquids have one free surface.

8. Liquids Particle Movement Examples
States of Matter
Liquids
Particle Movement Examples

9. States of Matter
Gases
Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.
Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
Gases have no free surfaces.

10. Gases Particle Movement Examples
States of Matter
Gases
Particle Movement Examples
Particles of a gas move randomly and must be contained from all surfaces.

11. States of Matter Plasma A plasma is an ionized gas.
A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.
Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
In a plasma the electrons have been stripped away from the central nucleus. Therefore, a plasma consists of a sea of ions and electrons and is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Electrons are separated from their respective nucleus when enough heat is applied. In a controlled thermonuclear fusion research, plasmas are heated to over 100 million degrees.

12. States of Matter Plasma Particles
The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged ions (blue).
The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged ions (blue).

13. States of Matter Plasma Examples
Plasma can be found in stars, fluorescent light bulbs, Cathode Ray Tubes, neon signs, and lightening.

14. States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Solids
Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume because the particles are locked into place
Solids are not easily compressible because there is little free space between particles
Solids do not flow easily because the particles cannot move/slide past one another

15. States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids
Liquids have an indefinite shape because the particles can slide past one another.
Liquids are not easily compressible and have a definite volume because there is little free space between particles.
Liquids flow easily because the particles can move/slide past one another.

16. States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases
Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another.
Gases are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles.
Gases flow very easily because the particles randomly move past one another.

17. States of Matter Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Plasmas
Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume because the particles can move past one another.
Plasmas are easily compressible because there is a great deal of free space between particles.
Plasmas are good conductors of electricity and are affected by magnetic fields because they are composed of ions (negatively charged electrons and positively charged nuclei).
In a plasma the electrons have been stripped away from the central nucleus. Therefore, a plasma consists of a sea of ions and electrons and is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Electrons are separated from their respective nucleus when enough heat is applied. In a controlled thermonuclear fusion research, plasmas are heated to over 100 million degrees.

18. The Five States of Matter
The Classification and Properties of Matter Depend Upon Microscopic Structure
Particle arrangement
Particle energy
Particle to particle distance
The different states of matter are categorized by the arrangement and energy of the particles at normal temperatures and pressures. The state of matter can be altered by adding or removing energy and/or pressure which can affect the arrangement and energy of the particles.