1. CHAPTER 12 Lesson 2 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Journal Question: What are the components and functions of lymph?

2. Chapter 12 Learning Objectives
Describe the function of lymph.
Identify at least three methods of assessment of the circulatory system.
Describe at least five disorders of the circulatory system.

3. Structure and Function
Structure of the circulatory system
Includes the blood and lymph that move throughout the body
Function of the circulatory system
Blood and lymph are tissues that maintain homeostasis and provide immunity.

4. Lymph and Lymphatic Tissue
Two important functions
Providing immunity
Maintaining the body’s fluid balance
Lymph is a watery substance formed from fluid that filters into body tissue or resides interstitially.
Lymphatic tissues consist of the tonsils, thymus, spleen, nodes, and lymph vessels.
Discuss the importance of lymph and lymphatic tissue.
Discuss location of thymus, spleen, nodes, and lymph vessels. Use Slide 23 or Figure 12-4 in the students’ textbook.
Unlike blood, lymph moves slowly. Movement of the body muscles surround the lymph vessels keep the lymph moving.

5. Lymph Vessels and Nodes
FIGURE 12-4 Lymph vessels and nodes. (From Fritz S: Mosby’s fundamentals of therapeutic massage, ed 4, St. Louis, 2008, Mosby.)

6. Immunity Two forms of immune response
Barrier provided by the skin, mucous membranes, tears, and leukocytes
Antibodies formed by leukocytes in response to antigens or foreign materials that enter the body
May be a localized or systemic reaction
Acquired and inherited types of immunity

7. Assessment Techniques
Hemoglobin (Hgb) test measures the amount of oxygen-carrying ability of the blood.
Hematocrit (Hct) measures the volume of erythrocytes in the blood.
Sedimentation rates measure how long erythrocytes in the blood take to settle to the bottom of a container.
Reticulocyte studies measure the number of immature red blood cells.

8. Assessment Techniques
Red blood cell (RBC) counts determine the number of circulating red blood cells in 1 mm3 of blood.
Platelet or thrombocyte counts measure the number of platelets in 1 mm3 of blood to determine clotting ability.
Aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) studies examine bone marrow from the iliac crest of the hip.
The human body makes 200 billion red blood cells every day.

9. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Dysfunction of the immune system caused by a virus
Allergy
Hypersensitive response by the immune system to an outside substance
Anemia
Blood has an inadequate amount of hemoglobin or red blood cells, or both.
Discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment of these diseases.

10. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Autoimmune
Conditions in which the immune system of the body turns against itself
Elephantiasis
Massive accumulation of lymphatic fluid in body tissues, causing an abnormally large growth of tissue or hypertrophy
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Condition in which the mother forms antibodies against the antigens in the unborn baby’s blood
Discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment of these diseases.

11. Elephantiasis
Elephantiasis is common in tropical regions and AfricaStudies have found that a possible cause of elephantiasis in Africa may be related to the red soil on which certain barefooted populations live.
FIGURE 12-5 Swelling from Filaria worms in elephantiasis may require surgery to remove the extra tissue. (From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby.)

12. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Hemophilia
Rare, sex-linked genetic disease in which the blood is missing a clotting factor
Hepatitis
Viral infection of the blood
Hodgkin’s disease
Malignant cancer of the lymph system
Discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment of these diseases.

13. Autoimmune or Autoimmune-Related Disorders
Discuss the autoimmune or autoimmune-related disorders in the table.

14. Heptatitis

15. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Leukemia
Also called blood cancer, it is an abnormal malignant increase in the number and longevity of white blood cells.
Lymphosarcoma
It is a group of malignant cancers of lymph tissues other than Hodgkin's disease.
Polycythemia
An abnormal increase in the number of blood cells makes the blood thicker and slower flowing.
Discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment of these diseases.

16. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Septicemia
Also called blood poisoning, it is an infection that occurs when pathogens enter the blood.
Sickle cell anemia
The genetic condition results in malformed red blood cells.
Splenomegaly
An enlargement of the spleen is caused by an acute infection such as mononucleosis or anemia.
Discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment of these diseases.

17. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Thalassemia
One of the most common genetic blood disorders
Thrombocytopenia
Decrease in the number of platelets in the blood
Thrombosis
Condition in which a blood clot, called a thrombus, forms in the blood vessels
Discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatments of the disorders of the circulatory system.

18. Embolus What may happen if an embolus lodges in a blood vessel?
FIGURE 12-6 Development of an embolus.

19. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
In the United States, DVT affects as many as 600,000 individuals every year.
FIGURE 12-7 A, Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) causes swelling of the leg. B, An embolus from a DVT blocks blood flow in the pulmonary artery. (From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby.)

20. Issues and Innovations
Transfusion
New methods developed to minimize risks
Autologous transfusions
Collection and transfusion of a person’s own blood
Prevents complications of blood transfusion, risk of disease transmission and tissue rejection
Platelet donations
Donated through a process called apheresis
Used for patients undergoing
Bone marrow transplantation
Organ transplantation
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Who regulates the testing of the blood supply?
Whole blood can be refrigerated safely for up to 35 days or frozen for several months before use.
Intraoperative salvage is the collection and return of a person’s blood when the person is bleeding after an accident.

21. Issues and Innovations
Interferon
Protein that prevents a virus from reproducing
Made in the body by T lymphocytes (WBCs)
Three versions
Alpha interferon – used to treat hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma, and Kaposi sarcoma
Beta interferon – used to treat relapsing multiple sclerosis and genital warts
Gamma interferon – used to treat infections
Synthetic interferon is being manufactured by using gene splicing techniques with bacteria.

22. Issues and Innovations
Monoclonal antibodies
Proteins have unique abilities in the blood.
Can be harvested and fused to new cells in laboratory tissue cultures
Used in treating some cancers and some viruses
Used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection
Used to slow the progress of autoimmune diseases
Help diagnosis of malignant tumors, leukemia, and some sexually transmitted infections
Researching use in treating circulatory system disorders
Monoclonal antibodies are found in some over-the-counter products to test for pregnancy, ovulation, and blood in the stool.

23. Summary
The function of lymph is to maintain fluid balance and provide immunity.
Assessments of the circulatory system
Blood surveys such as hemoglobin levels, hematocrit levels, and sedimentation rates
Bone marrow may be examined by using an aspiration biopsy.

24. Summary Disorders of the circulatory system Allergies Anemia
Elephantiasis
Hemophilia
Hepatitis

25. Review Question Platelets, also called thrombocytes:
a. Are the largest blood cells
b. Are least in number
c. Are largest in number
d. Produce antibodies
e. Are the smallest blood cells

26. Review Question
Platelets, also called thrombocytes: a. Are the largest blood cells b. Are least in number c. Are largest in number d. Produce antibodies e. Are the smallest blood cells