1. Phonetics
LI Nathalie F. Martin
Prendre le temps de me presenter

2. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 2.
Made to Speak
Contemporary Linguistics: p. 2.
________: to supply air for speech
_____________: to produce vibrations for speech sounds
________: to articulate vowels and consonants
________: to provide place of articulation
________: to provide nasal resonance during speech

3. 1.1 Specialization for Language
Contemporary Linguistics Analysis: p. 2.
1.1 Specialization for Language
Organ
Survival
Speech
Lungs
Exchange CO2 for O2
Air flow
Vocal Cords
Cover tube to lungs
Vibration
Tongue
Move food in mouth
Articulation
Teeth
Chew food
Lips
Seal oral cavity
Nose
Breathing
Nasal resonance

4. Introduction Spoken Language
Language can be spoken, written, manually signed, mechanically reproduced and synthesized by computer
Spoken language is the main way humans express themselves
Humans ________before they ________
Reason why linguists ________with the study of spoken rather than written language

5. Phonetics Definition: ________________________.
The study of the ________and ________of the sounds of speech.
Analyzes the ________of all human speech sounds,
________________________.

6. Approaches to Phonetics
Articulatory phonetics
Studies the _______________________of speech production
Acoustic phonetics
Measuring and analyzing
the physical properties of
the _____________we
produce when we speak

7. Phones Definition: ______________ ____________
Infinite or finite possibilities of sounds?
____________
The possibilities of sounds is limited by the vocal tract
According to one estimate: 600 consonants and 200 vowels

8. Units of representation
Break up the flow of speech into individual sounds
Segments (individual phones or speech sounds)
Syllables
Nota:
Some writing systems are phonetic and syllabic

9. International Phonetic Alphabet
The IPA is a system of ________
Represent ________of human speech with a _______________
« One sound, one symbol »
Important: Enclosed in ________________

10. Explore the IPA Go through pronunciation of words IPA
Do you notice any difference between these sounds?
Nota bene: Sometimes two phonemes need to be used to represent a vowel.
IPA
Look at the information mentioned
What are the classifications mentioned in the consonant chart?

11. IPA Transcription Broad transcription Narrow transcription
Uses a _____________set of symbols to represent _________________but does not show all ________
Narrow transcription
Show ______________using an ________set of symbols
Here are fonts that you will need to see the IPA symbols:

12. Contemporary Linguistics: p. 635.
IPA Diacritics
Contemporary Linguistics: p. 635.
« Marks added to a phonetic symbol to alter its value in some way »
Example: a circle under a symbol to indicate voicelessness.
See your IPA chart

13. For help with phonetics
Linking sounds to symbols:
IPA Help, SIL International
Identifying articulatory features:
Interactive Sagittal Section, Daniel Hall, University of Toronto
Practice transcribing:

14. Made to Speak

15. Specialization for Language: Made to Speak

16. Sound-Producing System Features
Contemporary Linguistics: p. 17.
Segments are produced by coordinating a number of individual articulatory gestures including:
________

17. Sound-producing System
Sound is produced when air is ____________
Sets of ______modify the sound in various ways

18. Sound-producing system
Lungs
Vocal cords
(or vocal ________)
Larynx (vocal folds
are within larynx)
(the velum is the soft area
Towards the rear of the roof
of the mouth)

19. Sound-producing system
Three filters:
Pharynx
(the tube between the
larynx and the oral cavity)
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity

20. Glottal States

21. Sound-producing system Glottal States

22. Sound-producing system Glottal States
________: Space between the vocal folds
Vocal folds may be ________in a number of ways to produce different ________________

23. Glottal States Voicelessness
When the vocal folds are ________.
The air passes ________________the glottis.
Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiceless.
Put your fingertips to your larynx.
Fish
Sing
House

24. Glottal States Voicing
When the vocal folds are _______________, but ________________.
Air passes through and causes them to _______.
Any sound produced when the folds are in this position are said to be voiced.
Put your fingertips to your larynx.
Zip
Vow
Or any vowel

25. Glottal States Whisper
Whispering is voiceless.
No vibration of the cords.
The vocal cords are ________ ________ (though ________________________).

26. Glottal States Murmur Known as a breathy voice Murmuring is voiced
Vibration of the vocal cords
Vocal folds are ________to allow air to escape to produce a breathy effect.

27. Sound Classes
Consonants
Vowels
Glides

28. Sound classes Consonants
Articulatory difference:
May be ________________
May be made with either a ________________or a ________of the vocal tract
The airflow is either ________momentarily or ________so much that the noise is produced as air flows past the constriction.
Consonants cannot be the _______________

29. Sound classes Vowels Articulatory difference: Acoustic Difference:
Vowels are produced with ________________in the vocal tract and are usually ________
Acoustic Difference:
Vowels are more ________ (acoustically powerful)
Perceived as louder and longer lasting
Vowels can be the ________of a syllable.

30. Sound classes Glides Shows properties of ________________
May be thought of a ________ ________ (auditory impression they produce)
Produced with an ________like that of a vowel
Glides can never be the ________of a syllable
Aka. ________________, ___________

31. The Tongue Primary articulation organ It can be:
Raised, lowered, thrust forward, retracted or rolled back
Five areas of the tongue:
Tip, blade, body, back and root

32. Place of Articulation

33. Consonants Place of Articulation
Also called ________________
Each point at which air stream can be _______to produce a different sound is called a place of articulation
Places of articulation are found at the ____, within the ________, in the ________and at the ________.

34. Consonants Place of Articulation

35. Place of articulation Labial
Any sound made with closure or near-closure of the ______is said to be labial.
Bilabial: sounds involving ________
Example:
Labiodental: sounds involving the ________ and the ________

36. Place of articulation Dental and interdental
Sounds produced with the tongue placed ______ or ________the ________
Example: European French (temps, dire, sept, zizi)
Interdental: Produced with the tongue _______ the ________
Example: The words thing & this

37. Place of articulation Alveolar
Sounds produced when the tongue ________or is brought ________to the _______________
Example:
+ Spanish “r” = [r]
(Lingual-alveolar)

38. Place of articulation Alveopalatal & palatal
Alveopalatal area: Just behind the alveolar ridge the roof of the mouth _______sharply
Alveopalatal consonants:
Example: Show, measure, chip & judge
Palatal glide:
Example: Yes & yours

39. Place of articulation Velar
Velum: ____area towards the ____of the mouth
Velar: Sounds produced with tongue touching or near this position
Example: Call, guy & hang
Labiovelar: Sounds produced with ________ ________ and the ________at the same time
_____ like in wet

40. Place of articulation Uvular
Uvula: Small fleshly ________that hangs down from the ________.
Uvular: Sounds produced with the tongue touching or near this position.
None in English
European French « r » = [R]

41. Place of articulation Pharyngeal
Pharynx: Area of the ________between the uvula and the larynx.
Sounds made through the modification of the air flow in the pharynx by ________________or ________________________
[ʕ]
Example: The Arabic letter « ع » like in Jesus

42. Place of articulation Glottal
Sounds produced using the ________as primary articulation
Example: Hog, heave

43. Manner of Articulation

44. Manner of articulation Oral vs Nasal
Oral: Velum is ________cutting of the airflow to the nasal passages
Nasal: Velum is ________to allow air to pass ________the nasal passages
Both consonants ([n] [m] [ŋ]) and vowels ([ã] [õ] etc.) can be nasal and are generally voiced
Example: Sun, sum, sung
No nasal vowels in English

45. Manner of articulation Stops
Stops are made with a ______________either in the oral cavity or at the glottis
In English: Bilabial, alveolar and velar oral and nasal stops
[p], [b], [m], [t], [d], [n], [k], [g], [ŋ] & [ʔ]
Examples: Glottal stop in the sound [ʔ] like in the expression uh-uh (meaning “no”) or like in some British dialects [ʔ] is heard instead of a “t” (example: bottle)

46. Manner of articulation Fricatives
Fricatives: Consonants produced with a ________________through the mouth
Part of a larger class called continuants
English fricatives:
[f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] & [h]

47. Manner of articulation Affricates
Affricate: Non-continuous consonant that show a ________________________.
Affication: A process in which palatalized stops become afficates
[ʧ] & [ʤ]
Example: Church & Jogging

48. Manner of articulation Voice Lag and Aspiration
Lag: After the release of certain voiceless stops in English, you can hear a lag or brief delay before voicing the following vowel
Aspiration: Since the lag in the onset of vocalic voicing is accompanied by the ________
Transcribed with a small [h]
Examples: pat [phæt], tub [thʌb] and cope [ khowp]
Examples of unaspirated: spat [spæt], stub [stʌb] and cope [ skowp]

49. Manner of articulation Liquids
Different variants of « r » and « l »
Lateral: Varieties of « l »
As laterals are articulated, air escapes through the mouth ________the lowered ________of the tongue
English « r »
________the tongue tip back into the mouth or by ________the tongue upwards and back in the mouth

50. Manner of articulation Liquids (continued)
English « r »
Retroflex [ɹ] or [r] = Curling the tongue tip back into the mouth or by bunching the tongue upwards and back in the mouth
Example: car & ride
Transcribed as [r] in textbook
Flap [ɾ] = Tongue tip ________the ______________ as it passes across it
Example: North American pronunciation of bitter & butter

51. Glides

52. Manner of articulation Glides
Glide: Very rapidly articulated non-syllabic segment
_____or ________ [j]: Palatal glide
W-glide [w]: Tongue raised and pulled back near the ________ and with ________ ________ or rounded.
[M]: Voiceless (labio)velar fricative glide
Example: When, where, which (but not in witch)

53. Vowels

54. Vowels
Vowels: Sonorous, syllabic sounds made with the ________ more ________ than it is for consonants and glide articulation
Produced by varying the placement of the body of the ________ and ________
Can be altered by protruding or rounding the lips, by lowering the velum to produce nasal vowels or by constriction.

55. Vowels Simple vowels and Diphthongs
Simple vowels: Do not show a noticeable change in quality during their articulation
[i], [I], [ɛ], [ɑ], [ɒ], [ə], [ʌ], [ʊ], [u], [ɔ] & [æ]
Example: Pit, set, cat, dog, but, put & suppose.
Diphthongs: Vowels that exhibit a change in quality within a single syllable
[ei], [ej]*, [aI], [aj]*, [au], [ɔI], [ou], [ij]*, [uw]*, [ow]* & [aw]*
Example: Say, buy, cow, ice, lout, go, boy.

56. IPA Vowel Chart

57. IPA Vowel Chart

58. Vowels IPA Vowel Chart (Diphthongs)

59. Vowels Tense and lax
Tense vowels: Produced with placement of the tongue that results in ________ vocal tract ________
[i], [ej] , [u] , [ow], [ɑ] , [aj] , [aw] & [oj]
Example: heat, mate, shoot, coat, lock, lies, loud & boy
Lax vowels: Produced with ________ articulation
[ɪ], [ɛ] , [æ] , [ʊ], [ɔ] , [ʌ] & [ə]*
Example: hit, met, mat, should, ought, cut, Canada
* Schwa [ə]: is a reduced vowel (very brief duration)

60. Learn about different ways to mark prosodic properties of sounds.
Suprasegmentals
Learn about different ways to mark prosodic properties of sounds.

61. Suprasegmentals
All phones have suprasegmental (or prosodic) properties
________

62. Suprasegmentals Pitch
All humans have the ability to control the level of pitch in their speech
By controlling the tension of the vocal folds and the amount of air that passes through the glottis
Tense vocal folds + greater air pressure = higher pitch
There are two kinds of controlled pitch movements: ________ and ________

63. Suprasegmentals Pitch: Tone
Tone language: A language where differences in word meaning are signaled by differences in pitch
Ex: ________

64. Suprasegmentals Pitch: Tone
Register tones: Level tones that signal meaning differences
Some tone language have 2 or 3, even 4 tones
Ex: High tone, middle tone, low tone
Marked with diacritic
[´] for high tones
[`] for low tones
Contour tones:
Ex: Mandarin
Rising pitch
Falling pitch

65. Suprasegmentals Pitch: Intonation
Intonation: Pitch movement in spoken utterances that is ________ to differences in ________ ________
Often does serve to convey information
Terminal (intonation) contour
Final intonation at the end = signals that the utterance is complete
Non-terminal (intonation) contour
Rising or level intonation at the end = often signals incompleteness

66. Suprasegmentals Pitch: Intonation
Different intonation rules depending on English speaker:
Ex: “Correct change, please”

67. Suprasegmentals Length
Length: Vowels and consonants whose articulation takes longer relative to that of other vowels and consonants
Marked with ________ :
[:] or IPA colon
Nota: Not the same as English long and short vowels
Ex: Hat [hæt] & hate [hejt]

68. Suprasegmentals Stress
Some vowels are ________ as more ________ than others
Ex: [thɛləgræfɪk] = [ɛ] and [æ]
Vowel nuclei that are more prominent than other are [ɛ] and [æ]

69. Suprasegmentals Stress
Stress: A cover term for the combined effect of pitch, loudness and length
Marked by diacritics:
[´] for the most prominent or primary stress
[`] for the second most prominent or secondary stress
Examples in book (p. 38)
Examples in dictionary.com
MY TRICK: Rapper Stress Test 

70. Speech Production

71. Speech Production Is not a series of isolated events Complex
Articulatory organs are operating independently of each other
Many fine adjustments are carried out very rapidly as we speak.
As a consequence, speech production often results in the articulation of one sound affecting that of another sound

72. Speech Production Coarticulation
Coarticulation: More than one articulator is active
Example:
The sound [pl]
[pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with tongue)
Resulting in the tongue moving to the alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]

73. Speech Production Processes
Processes: Articulatory ________ that occur during the production of ________ ________
Result in :
A more ________ articulation
A more ________ output

74. Speech Production Processes
Making articulation more ________
Example:
Bank = [bæŋk]
[æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant)
Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the nasalization of the vowel [æ]
Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense)
Results in a more palatal [k]

75. Speech Production Processes
Other examples:
Parade = [pəreɪd]
More efficient articulation results in the dropping of the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd]
[p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) = Voicelessness carried to [r]

76. Speech Production Processes
Making articulation less efficient
Lengthen consonants and vowels when they are asked to repeat a word
Example:
« It’s Fred. »
« Did you say ‘red’? »
« No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! »
Greater articulatory effort, but …
Results in a more ________ form that is easier to ________

77. Speech Production Processes
Adding a segment
Example:
« Stop screaming! »
« What? Stop dreaming? »
« I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »

78. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Assimilation:
A number of different processes that are the result of the ________ of one segment on another
A sound becoming more ________ another nearby sound in terms of one or more phonetic characteristics

79. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Regressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a ________ segment (e.g., nasalization in English)
Progressive assimilation: Assimilation in which a sound influences a ________ segment (e.g., liquid-glide devoicing in English)

80. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Assimilation - Nasalization
Nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant is caused by speakers ________ the lowering of the velum
Example: Can’t [khænt]
[æ] + [n] = nasalized [æ]
Regressive assimilation or progressive assimilation?

81. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Assimilation - Voicing assimilation
Devoicing:
Example of Please [pliz]
[p] (voiceless) + [l] (voiced) = devoiced [l]
Voicing:
Example of[af] (off or over) in Dutch
Afbellen (to cancel): [f] (voiceless) + [b] (voiced) = [vb] (both voiced)

82. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Assimilation – Flapping
A Process in which a dental or alveolar stop articulation changes to a flap [ɾ] articulation
Example:
Butter, writer, fatter, wader & waiter
Example : “I bought it” [ajbɑtɪt]
[ɑ] (stressed vowel) + [t] (dental consonant) = [ɾ] (flap)
Flapping is considered a type of assimilation since it changes a non-continuant segment to a continuant segment

83. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Dissimilation: The opposite of assimilation. It results in two sounds becoming ________ alike in articulatory or acoustic terms.
Results in a sequence of sounds that are easier to ________ and ________
Example: Fifths [fɪfθs]
[f] + [θ] + [s] = [fts]

84. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Deletion: Is a process that ________ a segment from certain phonetic contexts
Occurs in everyday ________
In English, the schwa [ə] is often deleted when the next vowel in the word is stressed
Examples: parade, corrode, suppose
[preid], [krowd] & [spowz]

85. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Epenthesis: Is a process that ________ a syllabic segment within an existing string of segments
Example: warmth [wormθ]
[wormpθ]
Example: Something [sʌmθɪŋ]
[sʌmpθɪŋ]

86. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Examples:
Warmth [wormpθ] = [m] + [p] + [θ]
Length [lɛŋkθ] = [ŋ] + [k] + [θ]
Prince [prɪnts] = [n] + [t] + [s]
Tenth [tɛntθ] = [n] + [t] + [θ]
Nota:
In English the epenthesized consonant are all non-sonorant, have the same place of articulation as the sonorant consonant to their ____, and have the save voicing as the non-sonorant consonant to their ____

87. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Metathesis: Is a process that ________ a sequence of segments
Often results in a sequence of phones that are easier to ________
Common amongst children
Examples:
Spaghetti = pesghetti [pəskɛɾi]
Prescribe = perscribe [pərskraɪb]
Prescription = perscription [pərskrɪpʃən]

88. Speech Production Common Articulatory Processes
Vowel reduction: A process that ________ the articulation of a vowel (typically unstressed vowel) to a more ________ _______
In English: Reduction of a full vowel to a schwa [ə]
Example:
Canada [khænədə] (stressed vowel = æ)
Canadian [khənejdiən] (stressed vowel = ej)

89. Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
The sound [pl]
[pl] = [p] (bilabial- no tongue) + [l] (alveolar– with tongue)
Resulting in the tongue moving to the alveolar ridge (early) during the pronunciation of [p]

90. Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
Bank = [bæŋk]
[æ] (oral vowel) + [ŋ] (nasal consonant)
Anticiption of the nasal consonant [ŋ] results in the nasalization of the vowel [æ]
Key = [k] (velar) + [i] (Front, high and tense)
Results in a more palatal [k]

91. Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
Parade = [pəreɪd]
More efficient articulation results in the dropping of the unstressed vowel [ə] = [preɪd]
[p] (voiceless stop) + [r] (voiced lateral) = Voicelessness carried to [r]

92. Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
Example:
« It’s Fred. »
« Did you say ‘red’? »
« No, it’s ‘Fffreeed’! »

93. Speech Production Articulatory Processes?
Example:
« Stop screaming! »
« What? Stop dreaming? »
« I said, ‘Stop sc[ə]reaming!’ »