1. THE ROAD TO COMMUNISM IN CHINA

2. The Opium War 1773 Britain brought Indian opium to China
Millions addicted and Chinese silver depleted to pay for the opium.
1838 – Manchu Chinese ban it and seize British opium in Guangzhou (Canton).
Opium War humiliates China, demonstrating superiority of Western military technology.
Treaty of Nanjing (1842). First of many “unequal treaties with European nations and Japan.
Britain claims Hong Kong island as a colony
Five other Chinese port cities are opened to British trade and residence
British have “most favored nation” status
British subjects have right of “extraterritoriality”; can be tried for crimes only in British courts.

4. The Treaty System large amount of indemnity
dozens of treaty ports opened to foreign trade
gunboats
Missionaries
Warehouses
Foreign influence in port cities
territorial losses
tariffs

5. is cooll

6. Peasant anger against Manchu
"Each year they [the Manchus] transform tens of millions of China's gold and silver into opium and extract several millions from the fat and marrow of the Chinese people and turn it into rouge and powder ... How could the rich not become poor? How could the poor abide by the law?”
Michael, Franz. The Taiping Rebellion, page 23.
Qing 6

7. Taiping Rebellion
A village schoolmaster, Hong Xiuquan, recruits one million rebels and nearly overthrows the Qing government before rebellion is crushed. Taiping capital in Nanjing.
mixed elements of Christianity and traditional Chinese religion, along with ideas of his own (brother of Jesus).
He believed in communal property, and the equality of men and women
20-30 million dead
Qing 7

8. Taiping and Communism
Although pre-Communism the Taiping Rebellion foreshadowed it in several ways
Land was evenly distributed.
Outlawed all of the following:
Slavery, Sale of women, foot-binding, prostitution, arranged marriages and polygamy.
The Taipings were also against use of opium, alcohol, and tobacco.
Over time, Taiping leaders began to violate most of these rules (especially alcohol and women) and their movement began to lose its loyal followers
Qing govt with help from western powers ended the Taiping movement to take over China
Qing 8

9. By 1900 – Spheres of Influence
China was controlled by Europeans economically
Lots of trade between Europe and China
Balance of trade favored Europe
China lost silver as they paid out to Europe
Created discord and frustration in the Qing government

10. Weakness fully exposed
Sino-Japanese War of
Chinese navy destroyed
Taiwan ceded to Japan
large indemnity
most-favored-nation
more treaty ports
Korea formally independent but with Japanese influence
start of Japanese empire

11. The scramble for concessions

13. The scramble for answers
radicalization of domestic politics
the “Hundred Days of Reform” in 1898
ambitious reform program
examination system
bureaucracy
modernization
suppressed by conservatives in Qing court
reformist leaders fled to Japan

14. The Boxer Uprising in 1900 Peasants in cities of Northern China
Name actually translates to “Society of Harmonious Fists”
support from high officials of Qing court
destruction of anything foreign
siege of the foreign quarter in Beijing

15. 8-nation force invades China
station troops permanently in Beijing
European powers demand payment for the cost of stopping the Boxers
Russian troops remain in Manchuria until Russian defeat in Russo-Japanese War

16. Fall of the Qing Dynasty
A revolution in 1911 forces the Emperor (Puyi, a child) to abdicate
Dr. Sun Yatsen ( ) becomes first President of the Chinese Republic in 1912
The warlords take over as provincial rulers and the central government is weak.
The May Fourth movement aims at ridding China of foreign influence.
Qing 16

17. Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925)
(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)

18. Chinese Warlords, 1920s
Yuan Shi-kai

19. China in 1924

20. Mao and the Communist party
Mao Tse Tung ( ) Revolutionary leader and “poet”
Founder and leader of the Peoples Republic of China.
Born in Southern China of peasant origin
Joined the revolutionary army when the Manchu dynasty was overthrown 1911
Advocated womens right and attacked aranged marriage
Joined a marxist studygroup at Peking university 1919
Participated in the may 4th demonstrations 1919

21. Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary
(Mao Tse-tung)

22. Mao With His Children, 1930s

23. Jiang Jieshi Becomes President of Nationalist China, 1928
(Chiang Kai-shek)

24. Origins of Chinese Civil war
Nationalists turned on the Communists and massacred them in Shanghai
Resulted in split of the Nationalist party
Renewed civil war against the Communists
Communists in city virtually destroyed
Mao flees to countryside in Jinggangshan

25. The Long March
1934

26. The Long March Heroic myth Of 100.000 communists 20.000 survived
Maos policy survived and became the model for future China
The LM provided the future leadership of Peoples Republic of China
From the new base Communist would conquer China

27. The Long March

28. Survivors of the March

29. Japan Invades China
1937

30. Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

31. Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking December 9, 1937

32. The Japanese Invasion, 1937

33. Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted by Japanese Soldiers

34. Japanese Bayonet Practice

35. Beheadings Took Place in Public!

36. Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed

37. UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare

38. UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

39. The Communist
Revolution:

40. The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

41. The Communist Victory

42. Taiwan: The Republic of China

43. Jiang Jieshu ( )
(Chiang Kai-shek)

44. Madame Jiang Jieshu

45. The People’s Republic of China

46. Reasons for the Communists’ Success
Mao won support of peasants – land
Mao won support of women
Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics
Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt
Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

47. The Great Leap
Forward (or Backward?)

48. Great Leap Forward, 1958 Communes
5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry
Communes
Groups of people who live and work together
Property held in common
Had production quotas
Failed due to poor quality of products, poor weather hurt agriculture

49. Communist China Under Mao
Industrialized China
Increased literacy
Class privileges ended
Rural Chinese received health care
One-party dictatorship
Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet

50. Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama in Beijing, 1954
Tibet --> an autonomous area.
Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950s to India.

51. The Great
Proletarian
Cultural Revolution

52. A Campaign Against the “FOUR OLDS”
Old Thoughts
Old Culture
Old Customs
Old Habits
To Rebel Is Good!

53. Communist China Under Mao
Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society
Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place
Schools shut down – students revolted
Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

54. A Red Guard

55. Red Guards March to Canton

56. With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the word 'Usefullness'. (1968)
Cult of Personality

57. The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us together Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968
Mao’s Little Red Book

58. Propaganda Poster

59. Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle! 1967-1972

60. Propaganda Poster

61. Propaganda Poster

62. Propaganda Poster

63. “Ping-Pong Diplomacy”: U. S. Players at Great Wall, 1971

64. Mao Meets President Nixon, 1972

65. Power Struggle Communist Traditionalists Modernists Zhou Enlai
1976
Zhou Enlai
“The Gang of Four”: Jiang Qin, Chen Boda, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan

66. Communist Government
and a
Capitalist Economy

67. Deng Xiaoping ( )

68. De-Maoization “The 4 Modernizations” Progress in: Industry Science
Agriculture
Industry
Science
Defense
Class struggle was no longer the central focus!

69. The New China: “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics”
“It doesn’t matter if a cat is a white cat or a black cat as long as it catches the mice.”
“To Get rich is Glorious”

70. Gap Between Rich & Poor
Deng: If you open a window, some flies naturally get in!

71. Tiananmen Square, 1989
More democracy!

72. Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

73. Democracy—Our Common Ideal!
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Democracy—Our Common Ideal!

74. The “Goddess of Democracy”
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The “Goddess of Democracy”

75. The Government Clamps Down
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Government Clamps Down

76. Tiananmen Square, 1989
One Lone Man’s Protest

77. The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

78. The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Massacre: A Human Body Crushed by an Army Tank

79. The Army Looks for Dissidents
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Army Looks for Dissidents

80. Student Leaders Are Arrested
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Student Leaders Are Arrested

81. Chinese Students Mourn the Dead
Tiananmen Square, 1989
Chinese Students Mourn the Dead

82. The Reestablishment of Order
Tiananmen Square, 1989
The Reestablishment of Order

83. What’s the Message Here?

84. Demography
may be no surer predictor of destiny than trade data. But of the two momentous changes championed by Deng Xiaoping a quarter-century ago, coercive population controls and experiments with market economics, the jury is still out on which will do more to shape China's long-term potential.