1. STAAR Reporting Category 2 Force, Motion, & Energy
Middle School Science
Science STAAR Need to Know
Science STAAR Need to Know

2. The ability to do work or to cause change
Energy
The ability to do work or to cause change
Science STAAR Need to Know

3. Chemical Energy – Energy transformations
Chemical energy – when light energy from the sun is converted to the energy in the bonds of the sugar molecules formed in photosynthesis.
Science STAAR Need to Know

4. Science STAAR Need to Know
Chemical Energy
Examples of chemical energy changing into heat energy:
Lighting a match
Burning a wood fire
Science STAAR Need to Know

5. Science STAAR Need to Know

6. Electrical energy- Energy transformations
Electrical energy- flow of electrons (a current)
Other ways of generating electricity:
Water flowing through a dam in a river to move turbines
Wind generators that use the energy of moving wind & operate a generator
Nuclear power plants convert atomic energy into heat. Heat boils water to form steam & then follows the same energy transformations as coal power plants666
Science STAAR Need to Know

7. Many energy transformations…
Electrical to mechanical:
Electricity used to spin the CD (Spinning CD has mechanical energy due to its position or motion)
Electrical to sound:
A laser converts the digital information on the CD into electrical energy and this energy goes to the headphones as a vibration- this transmits Sound!
Chemical to electrical:
Batteries store chemical compounds that react when they are used to power something. This produces a flow of electrons which is electricity!!
Science STAAR Need to Know

8. Sound energy- Energy transformations
Sound – consists of mechanical energy waves created by vibrations.
Sound must travel through something (called “medium” or “media”) such as air, water, or a solid.
The medium carries the energy of the wave from one place to another.
Example: Air transmits the energy of the vibrating material in the headphones to your eardrums.
A vacuum is a space that contains little or no matter. Sound can’t travel through a vacuum since there are no particles to squeeze together (compression) or spread apart (rarefaction)
Science STAAR Need to Know

9. Science STAAR Need to Know
Light waves do not need a medium to transmit energy! They can even travel through empty space.
Light Waves
Science STAAR Need to Know

10. Science STAAR Need to Know
A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another.
Water waves are a form of a wave that transmits mechanical energy across the surface of water.
Water waves
Science STAAR Need to Know

11. Science STAAR Need to Know
Seismic waves
Seismic waves are caused by earthquakes that transmit mechanical energy through the Earth’s layers.
San Andreas Fault
Science STAAR Need to Know

12. Science STAAR Need to Know
Potential (PE)
Potential Energy
Stored energy
Science STAAR Need to Know

13. Science STAAR Need to Know
Kinetic Energy (KE)
Energy due to motion of an object
Did you know that the gas burned in a car engine is chemical energy being turned into Kinetic Energy?
Kinetic energy
Rubber band flying through the air has kinetic energy
Speed & mass affect kinetic energy–
Faster/heavier…more Kinetic Energy
Science STAAR Need to Know

14. Science STAAR Need to Know
Before the yo-yo begins its fall it has stored energy due to its position. At the top it has its maximum potential energy. As it starts to fall the potential energy begins to be changed into kinetic energy. At the bottom its potential energy has been converted into kinetic energy so that it now has its maximum kinetic energy
A waterfall has both potential and kinetic energy. The water at the top of Bridal Veil Falls has stored potential energy. When the water begins to fall, its potential energy is changed into kinetic energy.
This change in energy also happens at Niagara Falls where it is used to provide electricity from the transformation of mechanical and electromagnetic energy.
Science STAAR Need to Know

15. Science STAAR Need to Know

16. Energy Transformations
Potential energy
A rock sitting at the top of a cliff
Roller coaster car at the top peak of a hill
A swimmer posed to dive off the end of a diving board
NO MOTION !!
Kinetic energy
A bouncing ball
A moving roller coaster
A track star running
A girl skiing
MOTION is the key!!!!
Science STAAR Need to Know

17. Science STAAR Need to Know
Force
pushing or pulling
action that may
change motion
Forces may transfer energy between objects
Forces may MOVE objects
Science STAAR Need to Know

18. Science STAAR Need to Know
A book resting on a desk illustrates balanced forces. However, a book dropped from a desk illustrates unbalanced forces. In this case, gravity has overcome the balance of forces.
Science STAAR Need to Know

19. Science STAAR Need to Know
GRAVITY
Science STAAR Need to Know

20. You use force to move your body
When you bend your arm, your muscles contract, which applies force to your arm bones. Your arm responds to this force by moving.
During breathing, muscles contract (use force) to move air in and out of the lungs.
The heart contracts (uses force) to pump blood through the blood vessels, carrying oxygen to the muscles.
Science STAAR Need to Know

21. All living things use force to move
Plants exert force to open flower petals, curl & uncurl leaves & push roots through the soil.
Emerging seedlings exert force on the surrounding soil.
This force pushes the stem of the plant out of the ground.
Force is used to move materials in & out of cells.
Fish exert force to swim by pushing against the water.
Science STAAR Need to Know

22. Science STAAR Need to Know
Balanced force
Unbalanced force
In order for a force to move something, it must be an unbalanced force. This means that a force is stronger in one direction than the forces in the opposite direction.
Science STAAR Need to Know

23. Let's look at some motion data
Acceleration of an object moving in one direction is the speed (m/s) per unit of time (s), or change in speed divided by time. The unit for acceleration is m/s2.
Science STAAR Need to Know

24. Science STAAR Need to Know

25. Data can be displayed & interpreted in many ways
Science STAAR Need to Know

26. Science STAAR Need to Know
ACCELERATION
Science STAAR Need to Know

27. Force & motion are related
measured in
newtons ( N )
Force & motion are related
Science STAAR Need to Know

28. NEWTON’S 1ST LAW OF MOTION
Science STAAR Need to Know

29. NEWTON’S 2ND LAW OF MOTION
Science STAAR Need to Know

30. NEWTON’S 3RD LAW OF MOTION
Science STAAR Need to Know

31. Science STAAR Need to Know
Science STAAR Need to Know

32. Science STAAR Need to Know
A lever is a bar that rests on a support called a fulcrum which lifts or moves loads. 
Science STAAR Need to Know

33. Science STAAR Need to Know
Types of levers
Science STAAR Need to Know

34. Science STAAR Need to Know
This pulley has 1 wheel, so it changes the direction of pull 1 time. The input force is the same as the weight using the pulley.
A pulley is a simple machine that uses grooved wheels and a rope to raise, lower or move a load. When a rope passes over a wheel, it changes the direction of effort (pull) needed to move the load.
Science STAAR Need to Know

35. Science STAAR Need to Know
Wedge
A wedge is an object with at least one slanting side ending in a sharp edge, which cuts material apart.
Science STAAR Need to Know

36. Science STAAR Need to Know
An inclined plane is a ramp used to reduce the effort needed to raise or lower an object over a vertical height.
It is easier to climb stairs to get to a second floor than to climb straight up a rope. It is easier to walk up a long, gentle hill than to climb up a short, steep hill.
Examples of inclined planes:
Loading ramp; Stairs or wheelchair ramp
Mountain road; Threaded screw.
The ancient Egyptians used inclined planes, or ramps, to move huge blocks of stone to build the pyramids.
Science STAAR Need to Know

37. Science STAAR Need to Know
A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a pole
Science STAAR Need to Know

38. Science STAAR Need to Know
A wheel with a rod, called an axle, through its center lifts or moves loads.
Wheel & axle
Science STAAR Need to Know