1. What is the function of the parts of the EYE
What is the function of the parts of the EYE? (Baby bio pg 907) What is the function of the parts of the EAR? (Baby bio pg 908)

3. http://www. iknow. net/player_window. html. url=media/synapses_auto

4. Great Animations McGraw Hill Animations of almost every chapter
Brain Pop
Search by topic you are interested in (use before 5:30 pm)
Username: gators1
Password: gators1
Biology Interactive Animations
Lab Bench
All 12 labs!
Review and Games
College Board Recommended Websites

5. Schedule for last 3 classes
Tuesday—Lab 6, Lab 7, Lab 8, Lab 9 (FRQ)
-Study groups, flashcards, review book, animations
Thursday—Lab 10, Lab 11, Lab 12 (FRQ)
Friday---Study groups, flashcards, review book, animations
Meet at 7:40 am on Monday, May 14th
breakfast requests

6. Ch. 48
Nervous Systems

7. Nervous system PNS, CNS INPUT: Sensory Neurons (receptors)
afferent
Nervous system
interneurons
efferent
PNS, CNS
Effector cells
INPUT: Sensory Neurons (receptors)
INTEGRATION: CNS(brain & spinal cord) Interneurons
OUTPUT: Motor Neurons (effectors)

8. The Reflex Arc

9. The Neuron
Dendrites receive the signal, axon delivers the signal away to another neuron or to the CNS
Myelin sheaths (white matter) insulate the axon and are made by Schwanns cells or oligodendrocytes.
Schwanns and Oligodendrocytes are both types of supporting cells called glia.
What is saltatory conduction? P.970
What is a Node of Ranvier?
What is a synapse?

10. Anatomy of a Neuron
Makes myelin - PNS
>Speed of Transmission: Larger axons & Myelin sheath (Saltatory conduction)

11. Animation
Potential Propagation in an Unmyelinated Axon

12. -70 mV is the resting membrane potential
Outside is always zero
Less (+) inside =
“-” inside and “+” outside
-70 mV is the resting membrane potential

13. What makes a signal travel down the axon ?

14. Action Potential (“all or none” nerve impulse)
Na+ into the cell
Action Potential (“all or none” nerve impulse)
K+ out of the cell
EPSP
Membrane potential (mV)
Threshold Potential reached: -50
Na/K pump restores
resting state restored (-70)
Hyperpolarization from ___ ions
Time (milliseconds)

15. INHIBITORY(-) EXCITATORY (+)
Hyperpolarization: more negative inside by K+ moving out—does not cause an action potential
Depolarization: inside gains more positive charge by Na+ rushing in
EXCITATORY (+)
INHIBITORY(-)
-70
What is meant by all–or–none action potential?

16. The steps of an action potential…

17. Resting State
Na+ gates closed, K+ gate closed Na/K pump is maintaining –70mV

18. Na+ gate OPENS, (fast gate) K+ channels are still closed (slow gate)
Depolarizing Phase
Na+ gate OPENS, (fast gate) K+ channels are still closed (slow gate)
Na+ rushes into the neuron ( )

19. Na+ inactivation gate closes, K+ slow gate OPENS
RE-polarizing Phase
Na+ inactivation gate closes, K+ slow gate OPENS
K+ rushes out of the neuron

20. Na+ channels closed, K+ channels still OPEN
Undershoot
Na+ channels closed, K+ channels still OPEN
K+ still rushes out of the neuron (Hyperpolarizing the inside )

21. Animation

22. Direction of transmission?
Slow closing of the K+ channels prevents “back-flow”
One way flow of Electricity!

23. Chemical synapses TERMS: Vesicles synaptic cleft neurotrans-mitters
receptor
ion channel
Pre/post synaptic membrane
Enzymes to degrade the neurotrans-mitters
Chemical synapses

24. Temporal and Spatial Summation
Summation of IPSP & EPSP Inhibitory(-) & Excitatory(+) Post-Synaptic Potential
Temporal and Spatial Summation

25. PNS

26. AUTONOMIC Sym-pathetic Para-sympa-thetic
Stress (like a “fight or flight” response)
Para-sympa-thetic
Peace (relaxed, normal functions)

27. Thalamus Hypothalamus
The real thing
Cerebrum
Thalamus Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Brain stem: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

28. Cerebrum

29. Right versus left Cerebrum

30. BRAIN STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Brain Stem:
Medulla Oblongata & Pons = (autonomic, homeostatic, data conduction)
Midbrain = (receives and integrates sensory information)
Cerebellum: Automatic coordination of movements and balance
Thalamus:integration of stimuli coming to the brain
Hypothalamus: important homeostatic regulation (temperature, hunger, thirst) & hormones
Cerebrum: memory, learning , emotions, motor movements, sensory cortex areas

31. Always use your brain!

32. Data for Daphnia Copy and graph. Interpret graph
Temperature (celsius)
Heart Rate (beats/min) 5
108 10
152 15
211 20
290

33. Discussion Questions
Why does temperature affect heart rate in ectothermic organisms?
Discuss what results you might obtain if you repeated this experiment using an endothermic organism
Why does smoking cause a rise in blood pressure?
Explain why blood pressure and heart rate differ when measured in reclining position and in a standing position.

34. Describe how the structure of alveoli relates to its function?
Describe how the structure of alveoli relates to its function?

35. Structure and function in snails

36. Open books to pgs 899 and 906

37. AP Bio Exam—Mon, May 14th at 8 am

40. Animal Development
Chapter 47 ~ Animal Development

41. Embryonic development/fertilization
Preformation~ until 18th century; miniature infant in sperm or egg
At fertilization/conception:
Acrosomal reaction~ hydrolytic enzyme action on egg jelly coat….
Fast block to polyspermy~ membrane depolarization prevents multiple fertilizations….
Cortical reaction~ release of calcium causes hardening of egg outer layer and creates a...
Slow block to polyspermy and...
Egg activation~ increases metabolic activity; protein synthesis

42. The Fertilized Egg & Cleavage
Blastomeres~ resultant cells of cleavage/mitosis
Yolk~ nutrients stored in the egg
Vegetal pole~ side of egg with high yolk concentration
Animal pole ~ side of egg with low yolk concentration
Morula~solid ball of cells
Blastocoel~fluid-filled cavity in morula
Blastula~hollow ball stage of development

43. Gastrulation Gastrula~ 2 layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage
3 Embryonic germ layers:
Ectoderm~ outer layer; epidermis; nervous system, etc.
Endoderm~ inner layer; digestive tract and associated organs; respiratory, etc.
Mesoderm~skeletal; muscular; excretory, etc.
Invagination~ gastrula buckling process to create the...
Archenteron~ primitive gut
Blastopore~ open end of archenteron

44. Organogenesis: organ formation
Blastodisc~ cap of cells on top of yolk
Primitive streak~ invagination of blastodisc
Neural tube~ beginning of spinal cord
Somites~ vertebrae and skeletal muscles
Neural crest~ bones and muscles of skull

45. Amniote embryos
Extraembryonic membranes: •yolk sac (support; circulatory function) •amnion (fluid-filled sac; protection) •chorion (placenta formation) •allantois (nitrogenous waste)

46. Child birth

47. KNOW THIS! Table 47.1 GERM LAYER ECTODERM
p. 945
Organs and tissues formed
ECTODERM
Skin, cornea and lens of eye, nervous system (neural tube), mouth and rectum
ENDODERM
Digestive tract lining, respiratory system lining, many organs
MESODERM
Notochord, skeleton, muscles, circulatory systems, reproductive system, excretory system
KNOW THIS!

48. Triploblastic (know 3 layers/colors)
Urchin Gastrulation
( proto or deutero-stome ? )
Triploblastic (know 3 layers/colors)
Archenteron, blastocoel

49. Nerve cord? Notochord?
Primitive streak
What structure(s) does each layer give rise to?
Organogenesis (differentiation) happens very early