1. Respiratory System Unit 1: Anatomy and Physiology
Kevin Browne

2. Learning Outcomes
Get the students to generate the learning outcomes in relation to the assignment

3. Introduction What is the respiratory system?
What is it responsible for?
How many breaths do we take on average each day?

4. The role of the respiratory system
The respiratory system helps the body obtain oxygen for respiration and remove the waste product carbon dioxide.
As we breathe, oxygen moves through the surface of the lungs into the body. It is then absorbed by the blood cells and transported around the body via the blood vessels.
The respiratory system is adapted for efficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.
Photo: © Sebastian Kaulitzki, shutterstock.com

5. What do you already know
You will have studied the respiratory system at GCSE level or at Level 2
Individually write down as many parts of the respiratory system as you can
Pair up
Share with the group

6. The respiratory system

8. The passage of air from nose/mouth to lungs
Click the mouse to follow the passage of air from the nose/mouth to the lungs

9. Nose
Air enters the respiratory system through the nose and mouth. It is here that the air is warmed, filtered (by tiny hairs), and moistened. From the nose, the air passes through the throat (the pharynx).

10. Pharynx
The pharynx lies behind the nose and mouth and both cavities open into it. Both food and air pass through the pharynx, the food is then directed to the oesophagus.

11. Larynx (Voice box)
The cavity of the larynx is separated from the pharynx by a flap known as the epiglottis. This prevents food from entering the windpipe (trachea), into the lungs.

12. Trachea (Windpipe)
The trachea is approximately 10-12cm long and is kept open by a series of rings of cartilage. It contains cells which remove foreign particles from the air.

13. Bronchi
The trachea divides into two bronchi, one leading to each lung. Each bronchi then breaks up into smaller tubes known as bronchioles.

14. Bronchioles
The bronchial tubes further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles before terminating in clusters of air sacs known as alveoli.

15. Alveoli
Alveoli look like bunches of grapes. There are millions of alveoli in each lung and it is here that gaseous exchange takes place. They have large surface areas, thin walls and are surrounded by a network of pulmonary capillaries.

16. Ventilation
Click here to see an animation of breathing
Ventilation

17. Mechanisms of breathing – inspiration
Intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out
When you breathe in:
the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, pulling the chest walls up and out.
the diaphragm muscle below the lungs contracts and flattens, increasing the size of the chest.
the lungs increase in size, so the pressure inside them falls. This causes air to rush in through the nose or mouth.
Diaphragm contracts and moves down

18. Mechanisms of breathing – inspiration

19. During Exercise (Inhalation)
During exercise the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract which makes the ribs moves upwards and outwards and results in more air being taken in

20. Mechanisms of breathing – expiration
When you breathe out:
the intercostal muscles between the ribs relax so that the chest walls move in and down.
the diaphragm muscle below the lungs relaxes and bulges up, reducing the size of the chest.
the lungs decrease in size, so the pressure inside increases and air is pushed up the trachea and out through the nose or mouth.
Ribs move in and down
Diaphragm relaxes and bulges up

21. Mechanisms of breathing – expiration

22. During exercise (Exhalation)
During exercise the intercostal muscles contract to help decrease the size of the thoracic cavity, which means that more air can be forced out.

25. Gas exchange at the alveoli
The alveoli are bunches of tiny air sacks inside the lungs.
Each individual sack is called an alveolus.
When you breathe in, they fill with air.
The alveoli are covered in tiny capillaries (blood vessels).
Gases can pass through the thin walls of each alveolus and capillary, and into the bloodstream.
Gases can also pass from the bloodstream into the alveolus.

26. Gas exchange at the alveoli: describe in your own words what is happening

27. Gaseous exchange
Oxygen passes into the body and carbon dioxide leaves the body through the process called gaseous exchange.
For this process to work we must control the amount of each gas on each side of a semi-permeable membrane (a wall one cell thick that lets some things through but not others).
A gas will always move from an area of high concentration (or pressure) to an area of low concentration (or pressure).
When we breathe in there will be a high concentration of oxygen in the lungs and a low concentration in the blood. Therefore the oxygen will pass from the lungs into the blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

28. Continued
This highly oxygenated blood now transports the oxygen to the muscle capillaries, which have a low concentration of oxygen, thus allowing the oxygen to pass into the muscle where it will be used to release energy.
Carbon dioxide is diffused from the muscles into the bloodstream where it is transported to the lungs and diffused out into the alveoli.

30. The answers 1 .Air containing oxygen is inhaled and taken to the ...
2 .alveoli in the lungs, where the oxygen diffuses into the ...
3 . blood and is taken to the heart to be pumped around the ...
4 . body to the muscles. At the same time ...
5 .carbon dioxide produced by the muscles is taken to the ..
6 .heart to be pumped to the ...
7 .lungs, where it diffuses out of the blood and into the ...
8 . alveoli to be exhaled.

31. Summary