1. PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTES FORMATION & ENVIRONMENTAL POLUTION
LECTURE № 1
PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTES FORMATION & ENVIRONMENTAL POLUTION

2. Источники образования ТПО и ТБО
WASTE
INDUSTRIAL WASTE:
both raw materials’ and semi-formed
products’ stocks which lost original
  characteristics,
and substances which are removed during
  the gases and wastewater purification
CONSUMER WASTE:
Products and materials
 which lost
  consumer properties
due to physical or
moral deterioration
RECYCLED MATERIALS
PRODUCTION

3. MAIN SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
energy (ash and slag from solid fuels);
ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy (slag, forming soil, coke residues);
mining (tailings);
wood industry (sawdust, wood residues, bark);
chemical industry and related industries (chemicals in a wide range, phosphogypsum, etc.);
municipal services
In general – 80 billions of tons, including 10% of dangerous waste

4. WASTE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO:
THE SOURSE OF FORMATION: industrial & household
THE VOLUMES:
large & small tonnage;
THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE: harmful & harmless;
THE COMPONENTS VOLUES: expensive & cheap;
PHISICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: active & passive

5. Average composition of municipal waste
Per one person a year: кg,
paper and cardboard %;
metals - 5.7%;
food waste %;
plastic - 5.1%;
Textiles - 3.1%;
Glass - 4.4%;
combustible materials - 1.8%;
inert materials - 3,4%;
screening (fine particles of less than 15 mm) %.

6. Methods of industrial waste elimination and processing
sorting and using as secondary raw materials
landfilling (after stabilization with cements, liquid glass, mortar, bitumen)
combustion or pyrolysis;
warehousing in surface storage (slime)

7. Landfilling of industrial dangerous waste
Method: Post to a career, ravines, wells, pits, and other natural or man-made depressions in the surface layers of the earth (to a depth of 12 m)
Term storage: years
Restrictions on use: strong wetlands, forested areas, cities, sanitary protection zones, resorts, zones of groundwater sources of drinking water, the zone of active karst, landslides, mudflows, avalanches

8. Scheme of landfill & filtrate drainage: 1-filter layer of felt, 2- geomembrane; 3 - a discharge pipe to collect the filtrate in an impermeable reservoir.
Blocks of solid waste
Permeable layer (sand) см 1
Layer of chippings см 2
Impermeable dense clay
20-30 см 3
monitoring well
6 м
Ground water

9. Basic methods of municipal waste elimination and processing
landfills for disposal (similarly to the landfills for MSW) and partial processing;
combustion at waste incineration plants;
composting (with access of valuable nitrogen fertilizer or biofuel);
fermentation (biogas from livestock waste, etc.);
Pre-sorting, recycling and reutilization of components;
pyrolysis (heating without oxygen) at a temperature from 450 to 1700 deg. C.

10. I. Cleaning of acid gases (scrubber). J. Packet filters (anti-dust). K
I. Cleaning of acid gases (scrubber). J. Packet filters (anti-dust). K. Exhauster. L. The exhaust gases. G. turbine. H. Electricity. M. Slag. N. Fly ash (fly ash) and the weight of the scrubber. O. The mixing of slag and ash. P. Magnetic Separator

11. Ecological particularities of incinerator functioning
cleaning of gaseous emissions only translates them into ash and creates problems of its recycling
inability to maintain constant combustion conditions necessary to minimize toxic emissions;
regular fires and explosions increase toxic emissions;
increased formation of dioxins when burned

12. Exhausting gases typical composition
Compounds
Gas befor scrubber, % on volume
Gas after scrubber, mg/м3
Water
10-18 %
Carbon dioxide
6-12%
Oxygen
7-14%
Dust
2-10 г/м3
20-30
HCl
мг/м3
10-30 HF
0,5-9 мг/м3
0,5-2
SO2
мг/м3
NOX
мг/м3 CO
мг/м3
50-100
Total organic carbon
<20 мг/м3
<20

13. Heavy metals content in the exhausting gases
 Element
Slag
fly ash
content, %
concentration
factor Bi
0,0003-0,0013
0,01
10000 Ag
0,0006-0,0021
86-300
0,003-0,01 Sn
0,02-0,18
80-720
0,22-0,3 Pb
0,155-0,186
97-116
0,45-1 Cd
0,0005-0,0012
38-923
0,005-0,01 Sb
0,003-0,009
60-180
0,01-0,02 Cu
0,15-0,4
32-85
0,07-0,3
15-64 Zn
0,18-0,56
22-68
1-3 Cr
0,06-0,16
7-20
0,08-0,6
10-200 Hh
0, ,00009
5-10 -

14. Major sources of micropollutants
Incomplete combustion of micropollutants which were presented in the original garbage.
Incomplete combustion of plastic materials (law temperatures and wet garbage)
De novo synthesis of dioxins and furans (PCDD and PCDF) in the filters and tubes while hot gases cooling.
Organic materials from other sources (for combustion air, dirt scrubber, water purification systems, additional fuel)

15. Methods of MSW presort
Manual sorting

16. Modern Chemical and Technological Systems of Complex Municipal Waste processing
Example of multi-plant mechanical processing of municipal solid waste in St-Petersburg (more than 450 million tons per year).
Stages:
1. Magnetic separation of scrap metal and compressing it into blocks weighing kg.
2. Shredding waste processing into compost in biological inclined drums (for three days, t = deg.), neutralization.
3. Non-compostable waste part (textiles, rubber, plastic, glass, etc.) subjected to heat treatment (pyrolysis) to obtaine gas and tar - fuel or chemical feedstock

17. Technological scheme of waste management in the Third world countries
Consumer
MSW
The total collection and
transportation
Landfill

18. Technological scheme of waste management in the developed countries
Consumer
M.Waste
Using of recycled material
The separate collection and
transportation
Waste market
Compost 30%
Organic matter
Water vapor 10%
Dry fraction
10%
50%
Energy
combustion
10%
Landfill
Controled emission into the air, water & soil