1. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Allameh Tabatabae’I University
Winter 2017

2. 01:00
Session four & five
Chapter 4 & 11, Reeve’s book

3. Need Need: necessary conditions for survival, growth, and well-being
If unsatisfied leads to damage on body, self, and social life
All needs generate energy however in different directions/ deficiency or growth motivations/ different emotions

4. Inner system for regulating physiological needs

5. Hall drive theory

6. Concepts of Hall drive theory
Physiological need: deficient biological condition, occurred by bloodstream deficits, representing life-threatening emergencies if remaining unmet.
Psychological drive: conscious manifestation of an underlying unconscious biological need, generate motivation for behavior
Homeostasis: steady state of equilibrium
Negative feedback: homeostasis’ physiological stop system
Multiple Inputs/Multiple Outputs: drive is an intervening variable to integrate the relationships among several diverse input and output variables
Intraorganismic Mechanisms: all the biological regulatory systems within the person
Extraorganismic Mechanisms: cognitive, environmental, social, and cultural influences

7. The Homeostatic Mechanisms

8. Hunger
Physiological need: reduction in the level of glucose, increasing Ghrelin
Psychological drive: appetite, feeling hungry
Homeostasis: increasing and decreasing Ghrelin and Leptin
Negative feedback: increasing Leptin
Multiple Inputs: hours of food deprivation, the tempting smell of fresh popcorn, and hanging out at a party with food on every table
Multiple Outputs: amount of calories consumed, latency to begin eating, and probability of eating a meal versus skipping it
Intraorganismic Mechanisms: hypothalamus (brain structure), glucose and insulin hormones (endocrine system), and the stomach and liver (bodily organs)
Extraorganismic Mechanisms: beliefs about calories and goals for losing weight (cognitive influences), the smell of food and the time of day (environmental influences), the presence of others and peer pressure to eat or not to eat (social influences), and sex roles and cultural ideals about desirable and undesirable body shapes (cultural influences)

10. Emotions

11. Emotion and motivation
One type of motivation (deprivation of air)
The most important part of life rather than other types of motivation
Emotions constitute the primary motivational system.
Motivational system feedback (all is well or not)
Positive emotions (interest, joy) during motivated action provide a metaphorical green light for continuing to pursue that course of action; negative emotions (disgust, guilt) during motivated action, on the other hand, provide a metaphorical red light for stopping the pursuit of that course of action.

12. Definition Hypothetical construct Experiencing four elements:
functional
subjective experience
physiology
expression
We have to experience all of these factors to have an emotion.
It is not emotion if we don't experience any of these four factors.
The whole has something more than its components.
Subjective, Biological, Purposive, and Social phenomena (Izard, 1993).
Emotions are short-lived, feeling–arousal–purposive–expressive phenomena that help us adapt to the opportunities and challenges we face during important life events.

13. Four elements of emotions

14. Discussion What if subjective experience was dissonance? (in therapy?)
What if expression of emotions was dissonance with situation? (emotional memory)
What if there was not physiology factor in experiencing emotions? (James-Lange theory)
Why some people experience too harsh or too blend emotions?

15. Problems with each factor
functional: behaving in opposite direction, reaction formation compensation
subjective experience: escaping from experience emotions by resisting on emotions or avoiding them
physiology: bodily harms, destruction of amygdala example: The prevailing view on the effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) on emotion is that it dampens emotional experience due to a loss of peripheral bodily feedback, with the higher the lesion on the spinal cord the greater the reduction in the intensity of emotional experience.
expression: aphasia, inability to express emotions, too harsh or too blend

16. Discussion Are emotions contagious? (in therapy?/ mirror neurons)
Was not it better to live in an universe without negative emotions?
Is the aim of therapy to eliminate negative emotions?
Would we really have a word without emotions based on evolutionary scientists?

17. What is the aim of therapy in term of emotions?

18. Spectrum of emotions

19. Features of emotions
How long
How strong
How many

20. Difference between emotion and mood
Mood exists as a positive affect state or as a negative affect state
Positive affect and negative affect are not, however, opposite ways of feeling. Instead, these two moods are independent—not opposite—ways of feeling. For example, during a job interview, people often report feeling both positive and negative affects simultaneously. The job interviewer typically feels both enthusiastic and nervous at the same time. Positive affect also varies systematically in accordance with the sleep–wake cycle, while negative affect does not.

21. Difference between emotion and mood
Emotions and moods arise from different causes. Emotions emerge from significant life situations and from appraisals of their significance to our well-being. Moods, on the other hand, emerge from processes that are ill-defined and are oftentimes unknown.
Second, as to different action-specificity, emotions mostly influence behavior and direct specific courses of action. Moods, however, mostly influence cognition and direct what the person thinks about.
Third, as to different time course, emotions emanate from short-lived events that last for seconds or perhaps minutes, whereas moods emanate from mental events that last for hours or perhaps days. Hence, moods are more enduring than are emotions (love versus intimacy)

22. Difference between affect and mood
Affect refers to immediate expressions of emotion, while mood refers to emotional experience over a more prolonged period of time.
Affect:
range (e.g. restricted, blunted, flat, expansive)
appropriateness (e.g. appropriate, inappropriate, incongruous)
stability (e.g. stable, labile)
Mood:
happiness (eg, ecstatic, elevated, lowered, depressed)
irritability (e.g. explosive, irritable, calm)
stability

23. Outline Scientific method terms theory, law, hypothesis, and …
Basic concepts
motivation, emotion, themes in study of
motivation, and …
History of motivational theories
will theory
instinct theory
Freud drive theory
Hall drive theory
Emotions
definition, difference with mood and affect
basic emotions
fear
anger
joy

24. Outline sadness disgust surprise emotional theories James-Lange
facial expression feedback hypothesis
Lazarus theory
Gross and John theory
emotional memory
Horowitz theory
emotional processing
emotional intelligent
Motivational systems
basic principles
physiological system
attachment system
exploration/assertion system

25. Outline
aversion system sensual/ sexual system affiliation system caregiving system

26. Homework Chapter 4 from Reeve’s book- hunger part and before
Writing: Edit your own theory, give examples for new theories
Presentation
Anger
Fear
Surprise
Joy
Disgust
sadness