1. Rome & Han China 753 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.

2. Chapter Objectives - How did Rome Rise to power?
- Their systems of Organization? New Technologies?
- The evolution to Emperors?
- Rise of Christianity?
- Reasons for Rome’s decline?
- How did the Han Rise to power?
- Systems of Organization? (Legalism vs. Confucianism vs. Daoism)
- New Technologies?
- Reasons for Han’s decline?
- Rome vs. Han China SPICE Chart

3. Chapter V Quote “Nothing has such power to broaden the mind as the ability to investigate systematically and truly all that comes under thy observation in life.” Marcus Aurelius

4. Mr. Whitaker quote
“My name is Maximus Decimus Meridius, commander of the Armies of the North, General of the Felix Legions and loyal servant to the TRUE emperor, Marcus Aurelius. Father to a murdered son, husband to a murdered wife. And I will have my vengeance, in this life or the next.”

5. Rome’s Mediterranean Empire 753 B.C.E. – 600 C.E. (Region 4)
Most likely
Etruscan ancestors
founded Rome
Legend of twin
brothers Romulus
& Remus with an
interesting mother

6. About 750 Romulus settled near the Tiber river on an area with 7 hills
Settlement was mostly
men seeking land
Defenses were built,
but something was
missing
Enter the Sabine
Women…

7. Rape of the Sabine Women

8. Seven kings ruled from 753 to 507 B.C.E.
The Republic was established in 509 B.C.E & officially ruled until 31 B.C.E.
Assembly was made up of male citizens, but not all votes were equal
Senate was advisory council to kings, then consuls (2)
Senate members served for life, used nepotism to get sons & family in government jobs

9. Class & family structure
Patricians were the wealthy elite in Rome
Plebeians were Everyone else
The Conflict of the Orders was a class struggle in which Plebeians demanded concessions & would strike
Twelve Tables - posted laws
Tribunes – veto on assembly action (for Plebes)
Paterfamilias – oldest male in family in charge
Patron/client relationship – do you have your posse?
Women – Under either: Father, husband, son
Religion … familiar with the Greeks? (they copied it)

10. The Punic Wars
Rome’s success led to expansion – but they ran into Carthage, who controlled Western Mediterranean
Two wars were fought to determine who would rule the western Mediterranean
Although Hannibal brought elephants, Rome won
For 50 years, things were fine, but Rome never really trusted Carthage
Carthage was finally destroyed 146 B.C.E.

11. Biggest Trade War of the Ancient World
Knock out
Carthage
Then Knock
out Greece

13. Failure of the Republic
Julius Caesar, Crassus, & Pompey made up the First Triumvirate (rule of three)
Armies became loyal to Generals, not Rome!
Eventually led to a civil war where Caesar won
Senate murdered Caesar March 15, 44 B.C.E. (Ides of March)
This led to another civil war pitting his nephew Octavian (Augustus) vs. Mark Antony
Octavian won & was crowned Augustus (Emperor)
The Roman Republic gave way to the Roman Empire

14. The Roman Principate
Augustus, careful not to follow in bloody footprints of his uncle, restored the republic (NOT!)
Used the title Princeps (first among equals) not Emperor
In reality though, he was a military dictator
Augustus allied himself with the equites (wealthy landowners & merchants) – the Calvary
From them he created a knowledgeable, government bureaucracy that could finally run a very large Roman Empire

15. Urban Empire & Pax Romana
(Roman Peace) 31 B.C.E. – 180 C.E.
Government was federal in nature with governors having latitude in dealing with locals
Colonies were not forced to adopt Roman way of life, but many did… Romanization
Roman rule brought quick, safe roads & protection
Holidays & festivals sponsored throughout the Empire
Roman citizenship was eventually granted to all free, adult, male inhabitants

16. The Rise of Christianity
Jews had been a constant problem for the Polytheistic Romans
Bloody Rebellions against Greeks (before) & Romans quite often
Jesus – thought to be the Messiah by followers
Considered revolutionary by Jewish authorities
King of the Jews would make any Roman nervous
Convicted by Roman governor Pontius Pilate &
was crucified – lots of Historical evidence

17. Apostle Paul had unique standing as a Roman citizen
Spread the story of Jesus beyond the Middle East
Roman Trade Routes spread religion
Christianity
resonated among
women, slaves, &
the poor
Early followers were
persecuted by Roman
officials, (Emperors
were gods)

18. In time, Christianity would become the Official Religion of the Roman Empire… Christians had conquered Rome! Before long, the Church had taken on the administrative structure of the Roman Empire… Rome had also conquered the Church! Much more to come on Christianity!

19. Technology Aqueducts carried water to cities The Colosseum Arches
Domes
Concrete

20. Crisis, Savior, and Fall
3rd Century Crisis – raids of neighboring tribes & ineffective rules almost ended the Roman Empire
Roman cities began building walls
Diocletian enacted authoritarian rule to set prices
Created first signs of discontent with empire
Constantine won battle for Empire moved the capital East to Byzantium Constantinople 324 C.E.
The beginning of the end of the Roman Empire

21. Summary
Rome was ruled by kings, but the Republic was formed in 509 B.C.E. with a powerful Senate
Roman expansion led to the spread of Latin culture throughout Mediterranean
Roman rule was kind to the elites & many areas adopted Roman language & culture (Greek Culture still ruled)
Civil Wars were fought between generals with loyal troops
Augustus developed the Principate & ended the Republic, but claimed to restore it
The 3rd Century C.E. Crisis ended with the capital being moved after authoritarian controls were instituted
Christianity, originally outlawed, was embraced throughout the Empire

22. Origins of Imperial China 221 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.
(Region 3)
The Warring
States Period
pitted regions
of China against
itself

23. There was also a war among belief systems
Legalism - Humans are naturally evil & only obey authority through harsh force. Advocated strict laws, harsh punishment, & sacrifice personal freedom for the good of the state
Daoism - Laozi encouraged people to follow the Dao, or the “Path”. Political & military ambition lacked morality & meaning. Emphasized individual retreat from society
Confucianism - Confucius emphasized importance of hierarchical relationships to create an orderly society. Everyone had a place in society. Family was foundation of society & benevolence, duty, & courtesy stressed.

24. Qin (Chin) State was able to conquer China
Shi Huangdi became Unified China’s 1st Emperor
Noted for brutality (maybe exaggerated)
Abolished primogeniture: all land to one son
Created a Centralized Government
Standardized legal practices & codified law
Standardized weights, coins, writing, & cart width
Legalist influence led to burning of books & executing Confucius scholars
Built an “above average wall” on northern border

25. Death of Shi Huangdi throws China into chaos & terracotta artisans into over-time…

26. Han Dynasty 206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E
Empire was controlled by nonhereditary bureaucracy
Legalism fell out of favor, a return to Confucianism
Mandate of Heaven reintroduced to culture
Made peace with the Xiongnu to the north
Expanded borders in all directions
Increased Trade through Silk Road
Sima Qian was first true historian in China
Although comparable to Rome in population ~ 60 million, Han China was more rural than urban

27. Han Dynasty Social Classes
Scholar-Gentry - bureaucrats in government, well educated, passed social standing & positions to next generation by advancing education
Ordinary, but free, citizens - most were peasants, some owned tracts of land; goal was to gain enough money for children to take test to become Gentry
Underclass - included slaves, but mostly non-Han Chinese on the fringe of the Empire

28. Han Dynasty Advancements
Watermill first developed in China
Chinese made paper as early as 2nd century B.C.E.
Thousands of miles of roads comparable to Rome
Network of Canals to connect the north & south
Buddhism modified to fit Confucian Chinese

29. Fall of the Han Constant problems on Frontier drained finances
Nobles accumulated wealth & offered to protect the peasantry from Imperial Government’s taxes
Conscription (drafting Soldiers) broke down, forcing the use of mercenaries (Army for Hire)
Soldiers became more loyal to generals than the State (sound familiar???)
Barbarians ruled northern China for 200 years
Many Han China moved south to Yangzi Valley

30. Summary
Qin conquered all rival kingdoms & unified China by 221 B.C.E. First Emperor imposed standardization
Qin attacks on the northern frontier led to the formation of the Xiongnu Confederacy
Han dynasty added to Qin base & lasted for 200 years
Emperor Wu changed imperial thought to Confucianism
Many technological developments as well as modified Buddhism
Fall of the Han happened in 3rd century, China became regionalized with the North under barbarian control and the ethnic Han migrating to the South