1. Standard 3.5
Evaluate the varied responses of African Americans to the restrictions imposed on them in the post-Reconstruction period, including the leadership and strategies of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett.

2. African americans respond
Determined to claim their full rights of citizenship
Restrictions were placed on them
- Jim Crow laws
- Poll tax and Literacy Test (designed to keep them from voting)
African American leaders began to emerge
-Strategies varied amongst them

3. Booker T. Washington -born a slave in the South
-determined to receive an education
****Founded the Tuskegee Institute
-purpose was to give vocational training to blacks to get them off the farm
-wanted Blacks to be the carpenters, waiters, brick mason, etc.
George Washington Carver worked at Tuskegee developing new crops to aid poor black cotton farmers

4. Believes blacks should be the master of trades to be treated as equals (farmers, construction, waiters, etc.)
Agrees with segregation, as mentioned in a speech in Atlanta: ‘be as separate as fingers, yet one as the hand…”
Known as the “Atlanta Compromise ” speech
Was willing to except second class citizenship in exchange for jobs….believed having $ would bring Blacks out of poverty
***Southern blacks supported him, northern blacks criticized him

7. Financial supporters of tuskegee institute

10. Carnegie Library @ tuskegee

11. W. E. B. dubois Born free in the North
First black PHD from Harvard University
Does not agree with Washington
***Critical of Atlanta Compromise- Don’t settle for a trade, strive to get higher jobs, be active in politics
****Argued that Blacks should strive for higher education and be the doctors, lawyers, etc.

12. ***Helped found the naacp
Edited a newspaper of the NAACP… The Crisis
Schools, neighborhoods, and public facilities were still segregated in the North (de facto)
In the South this was law
Blacks often were the last hired and the first fired

17. How some viewed segregation

18. Ida b. wells-barnett
Born a slave in Mississippi shortly before emancipation
Grew up on plantation where her parents continued to work for their former master
Education during Reconstruction , became a teacher, then a newspaper writer
Lived in the Jim Crow south…

19. Was forcibly removed from a train and forced to sit in the colored only railcar
Sued the railroad, won, but victory was overturned on appeal
****Wrote an editorial in the newspaper critical of the segregated schools in Memphis which cost her job as a teacher
Experienced violent intimidation when a friend was lynched (hanged)
****devoted the rest of her life to an anti-lynching crusade as a newspaper editor
Disagreed with Booker T. Washington…called it “accommodation”