1. Middle Ages
Brink of Collapse

2. Following Innocent
The 13th Century was the high mark for medieval Christianity
Innocent III was most powerful Pope ever
After he died the Pope’s rode his coattails for a couple decades
Germany’s power was fading but France’s was increasing

3. Pope’s
The mendicant orders also rose in power and Innocent V was the first Dominican elected
The first Franciscan was Nicholas IV from
After him there was debate over the papacy as some wanted a worldly leader and others a mendicant

4. Boniface VIII
High point of papal claim to power when he issued his bull Unam Sanctum
One sword must be under the other, and temporal authority must be subject to spiritual….Therefore if earthly power strays from the right path it must be judged by the spiritual…But if the supreme spiritual authority strays it can only be judged by God and not humans…We further declare, affirm, and define that it is absolutely necessary for salvation that all human creatures be under the Roman pontiff.

5. Boniface
In 1300 he declared this was a “Holy Year” to celebrate Christ’s birth
Anyone who reverently visited the churches of St. Peter and St. Paul during this year would receive a full and copious pardon of all their sins.

6. Boniface VIII
Had a flair of pomp-appeared before people claiming “I am Caesar; I am emperor”
His crown had 48 rubies, several sapphires, 45 emeralds, and 6 large pearls
2 priests stayed busy night and day at St. Paul’s taking in money as forgiveness of sins

7. Change By the 14th century, change was starting to occur in the world
The feudal system was dying out which meant that owning land was not as important as before
A monetary system had begun so now those with power had money

8. Plague
The Great Plague of 1347 had a tremendous impact on the world and the church
Reduced agricultural production, caused famines, more vulnerable to disease
Bubonic plague is transmitted by fleas and black rats act as hosts
Since trade had increased the disease spread all over the world

9. Plague Drastic economic impact
Those who dies were mostly young so people became superstitious and caused people to doubt the reason based faith
The veneration of relics gained momentum
Jews had more cats so less rats and were not as affected by the plague which led Christians to accuse them of poisoning them

10. Constantinople
Muhammad II laid siege to the city on April 7th and the city fell on May 29
Constantinople had pled to the west for help but no one would come
The cathedral in Hagia Sophia now was Muslim controlled

11. Change
To speak of nations is still a little early but this was beginning to form
England and France starting developing nationalistic pride and not feeling as they needed the pope to protect or guide them
Those with power now used taxes since the monetary system was in place

12. 100 year War
The war was a conflict between France and England but affected all of Europe
Edward III of England claimed the throne of France held by his cousin Phillip VI
England also invaded Scotland and France supported Scotland
There was also war in Spain and a French civil war that England took sides in

13. 100 year war
Joan of Arc said she saw visions of Saints Catherine, Margaret and Archangel Michael ordering her to lead the Dauphin (Edward’s son) troops
She crossed enemy lines and help break the siege of Orleans
This turned the war in Dauphin’s favor

14. Joan of Arc She was captured while fighting and sold to the English
Her former allies abandoned her and King didn’t help her either
She was accused of heresy and recanted at first but changed her mind and was burned at the stake
20 years later Charles VII exonerated her and in Benedict XV granted her sainthood
Papacy was in Avignon much of this war so English distrusted papacy

15. Change
England and France were arguing over land controlled by France in England
To finance their war they both decided to tax the clergy who were very wealthy
Boniface didn’t like this and issued Clerics laicos, a document threatening to excommunicate anyone who taxed a clergy and anyone who paid them without papal consent

16. Change
Edward I of England and Phillip the Fair of France were not afraid of the pope
Edward said if clergy did not pay then the king’s sheriffs would arrest them and they would lose all property
Phillip blocked the clergy from receiving money from church collections
Boniface backed down

17. Change
Boniface decided to go after Phillip but Phillip didn’t back down
In 1301, the king imprisoned a French bishop on charges of treason
Phillip gathered support from French nobility, clergy, and middle class and this is when Boniface issued Unam Sanctum

18. Change
The King countered by choosing William of Nogaret to prove the pope was elected illegally
Nogaret was brutal-would strip people and dip them in honey and hang them over a bee hive to obtain confession
Charged Boniface with simony, illegitimate election, heresy, and immorality.

19. Change Boniface was 86 and went to mountains for summer home
Nogaret and troops broke in his home and kidnapped him and abused him
Boniface was rescued but dies 2 weeks later
Christians no longer accepted papal authority on what they deemed political decisions

20. Change Boniface’s successor died in Rome after a brief reign
In 1305, the College of Cardinals elected a Frenchman, the Archbishop of Bordeaux, as Pope Clement V.
Clement never set foot in Rome and thus began the “Babylonian Captivity” of the papacy

21. Captivity
During Clément's reign he named 24 cardinals and all but one were French and several were his relatives
The Templars were a military order founded during the crusades that was rich and powerful
They were a monastic order so did not fall under Phillip’s temporal power so he accused them of heresy

22. Captivity
All Templars in France were arrested and forced to confess under torture they were opposed to Christian faith
Clement did not defend them
A council was formed but never took place as Phillip and Clement agreed upon settlement
Templars were disbanded and stripped of money which Phillip took the vast majority

23. Captivity
Clement was the beginning of a 72 year reign when the papacy was in Avignon which is located on the Rhone River
6 more pope’s following Clement stayed there
It is called Babylonian captivity after the Babylonian exile of ancient Jews

24. Captivity
This move was bitterly opposed by Germany and England (100 years war)
In 1324, Louis the Bavarian appealed to a general council questioning the papal structure
The council said that pope’s and bishops are nor above laity but serve as agents
This became known as conciliarism

25. Captivity
Much of the complaints at the Avignon papacy was abuse of money
The papacy was broke so the pope’s came up with schemes to make money
Annat-The first year a bishop served after being elected his salary went to the pope
Pope’s transferred bishops to create vacancies or didn’t fill them to keep all the momey

26. Money
The best scheme was the granting of indulgences for building bridges to waging war to forgiveness of past family sins
By 1360, outcries in Italy made it clear the papacy would not stay in France

27. Pope
In 1377, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome among much pomp but he died within a year
The Cardinals elected Urban VI on Easter but he was a dictator so by summer’s end they said Rome had forced his election and he was an apostate
He created his own college of cardinals so the others elected a French pope

28. Papal Schism Urban ruled from Rome and Clement from Avignon
This lasted 39 years-Each had its own college so each controlled the successor
The world was divided and only the pope could call a council (which one)

29. Schism
In 1409, the 2 colleges came together and elected Alexander V and deposed the other 2 but neither accepted so now we have 3 pope’s
In 1414, Holy Roman Emperor assembled and reps from everywhere came even lay people and eastern Orthodox
Voting was nationalistic
In 1417, the council got 1 pope to step aside and deposed the other 2 and elected Martin V

30. Conciliar Movement The aim was to limit the papacy
General councils were superior to pope’s but the pope called this heretical
Pope’s could not not decide if they were descendant of Peter or Caesar
Rodrigo Borgia reached the apex of bad pope’s as Alexander VI