1. Sense Strand of DNA: TATA Box
CCAGTATACCCGAGTACCCCGCAGGAGCACCAGGAATTCCGCCATACACGCCCATCCCCACTCGAAAAAAAAAA
TATA Box
Sense Strand of DNA:
CCAGTATACCCGAGTACCCCGCAGGAGCACCAGGAATTCCGCCATACACGCCCATCCCCACTCGAAAAAAAAAA
TATA Box Poly-a-tail
Promoter Region Termination Region
Site where transcription begins Site where transcription ends.
Start of a gene End of gene 
Primary mRNA:
  Intron Exon Intron Exon Intron
I I I I I I
AUAUGGGCUCAUGGGGCGUCCUCGUGGUCCUUAAGGCGGUAUGUGCGGGUAGGGGUGAGCUUUUUUUUUU
Start codon Stop codon Start codon Stop codon
Tells ribosome to Tells ribosome to
start making protein stop making protein   
Mature mRNA:
Exon Exon
I I I
AUGGGGCGUCCUCGUGGUCCUUAAAUGUGCGGGUAG
Sense Strand of DNA:
CCAGTATACCCGAGTACCCCGCAGGAGCACCAGGAATTCCGCCATACACGCCCATCCCCACTCGAAAAAAAAAA
Primary mRNA or preRNA:
  Intron Exon Intron Exon Intron
I I I I I AUAUGGGCUCAUGGGGCGUCCUCGUGGUCCUUAAGGCGGUAUGUGCGGGUAGGGGUGAGCUUUUUUUUUU
Mature mRNA
Exon Exon
I I I
AUGGGGCGUCCUCGUGGUCCUUAAAUGUGCGGGUAG
Poly-a-tail
Termination region, site where transcription ends, the end of a gene.
TATA box
Promoter region, the site where transcription begins, the start of a gene.
Stop Codon
Tells the ribosome to stop making a protein
Start Codon
Tells the ribosome to start making a protein
Stop Codon
Start Codon
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New vocabulary:
Gene: has code for making 1 or more proteins.
TATA box: code on DNA that tells mRNA to start the process of transcription. The start of a gene.
Poly A tail: code on DNA that tells mRNA to stop the process of transcription. The end of a gene.
AUG: code on mRNA that tells the ribosome to start making a protein
UAA, UAG, UGA: code on mRNA that tells the ribosome to stop making a protein
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3. Sense Strand of DNA:
CCAGTATACCCGAGTACCCCGCAGGAGCACCAGGAATTCCGCCATACACGCCCATCCCCACTCGAAAAAAAAAA
Primary mRNA or preRNA:
  Intron Exon Intron Exon Intron
I I I I
AUAUGGGCUCAUGGGGCGUCCUCGUGGUCCUUAAGGCGGUAUGUGCGGGUAGGGGUGAGCUUUUUUUUUU   
Mature mRNA
Exon Exon
I I I
AUGGGGCGUCCUCGUGGUCCUUAAAUGUGCGGGUAG
Poly-a-tail
Termination region, site where transcription ends, the end of a gene.
TATA box
Promoter region, the site where transcription begins, the start of a gene.
Start Codon
Stop Codon
Stop Codon
Start Codon
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Exon: mRNA that codes for one protein, it is the segment that will be EXPRESSED
Intron: noncoding segments of mRNA that does not code for a protein, it is mRNA that copied junk DNA. It will be SLICED out
Only the exons are taken to the ribosomes, so the ribosome only reads mRNA that codes for amino acids and nothing else.
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5. Sense Strand of DNA: TATA Box Poly-a-tail
CCAGTATACCCGAGTACCCCGCAGGAGCACCAGGAATTCCGCCATACACGCCCATCCCCACTCGAAAAAAAAAA
TATA Box Poly-a-tail
Promoter Region Termination Region
Site where transcription begins Site where transcription ends.
Start of a gene End of gene 
Primary mRNA:
  Intron Exon Intron Exon Intron
I I I I I I
AUAUGGGCUCAUGGGGCGUCCUCGUGGUCCUUAAGGCGGUAUGUGCGGGUAGGGGUGAGCUUUUUUUUUU
Start codon Stop codon Start codon Stop codon
Tells ribosome to Tells ribosome to
start making protein stop making protein   
Mature mRNA:
Exon Exon
I I I
AUGGGGCGUCCUCGUGGUCCUUAAAUGUGCGGGUAG
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6. AUG/GGG/CGU/CCU/CGU/GGU/CCU/UAA/AUG/UGC/GGG/UAG  
Mature mRNA:
Exon Exon
I I I
AUG/GGG/CGU/CCU/CGU/GGU/CCU/UAA/AUG/UGC/GGG/UAG
Protein Protein 2
Finally, mature mRNA is prepared by adding a protective cap to each end to protect it from harmful enzymes in a cells cytoplasm.
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DNA Codon
mRNA codon
tRNA anticodon
Amino Acid
AAA
UUU
PHENYL
GTC
GGA
GLYCINE
METH/START
GAT
GUG
VALINE
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8. CHNOPS LAB DNA: TAC AGG GCG ATT mRNA:____________________
tRNA:______________________
Amino Acid sequence: ____________________________________
Trait: _____________________
AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
TRAIT
Methionine-threonine-glycine-tyrosine-
Hairless
Methionine- threonine-glycine-glycine
Hairy
Methionine- threonine-proline-proline
Plump
Methionine- tyrosine-glycine-lysine
Skinny
Methionine-serine-arginine
Four-eyed
Methionine-serine-tyrosine
Two-eyed
Methionine-glycine-arginine-lysine-proline
Long nose
Methionine- proline-arginine-lysine-proline
Short nose
Methionine-phenylalanine-lysine
No freckles
Methionine- phenylalanine-asparagine
Freckles
Methionine- glycine-arginine-arginine
Blue skin
Methionine- glycine-arginine-phenylalanine
Orange skin
Methionine-isoleucine-isoleucine-leucine
Male
Methionine-isoleucine-isoleucine-glycine
Female
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9. Processing pre-mRMA into mature mRNA:
1. Cut out sections 1-3 of DNA and tape together in order.
Section 1
C G T A G A T A T A A A A G C T T A C A T G A C A T G A A T T C
G C A T C T A T A T T T T C G A A T G T A C T G T A C T T A A G
Section 2
T A T C C G A A T T C T A C A A C T G A A T T C C G G T T T G T A
A T A G G C T T A A G A T G T T G A C T T A A G G C C A A A C A T
Section 3
A A A A A A T G
T T T T T T A C
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2. Locate the beginning of the gene on the
sense side of DNA (Top line) and
underline it.
How?
TATA Box
Locate the end of the gene on the sense side of DNA and underline it.
poly-A-tail
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4. Act like RNA polymerase…..
How?
Use your scissors to cut apart the sense and antisense sides of DNA beginning at the end of the TATA and going to the beginning of the poly-A-tail.
Section 1
C G T A G A T A T A A A A G C T T A C A T G A C A T G A A T T C
G C A T C T A T A T
T T T C G A A T G T A C T G T A C T T A A G
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5. Number the DNA nucleotides 1-54 (start at end of TATA and to the beginning of the poly-a-tail.
6. Put in slashes, dividing it into 3’s or codons.
Section 1
C G T A G A T A T A A A A G C T T A C A T G A C A T G A A T T C
G C A T C T A T A T
T T T C G A A T G T A C T G T A C T T A A G
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7. Cut out the two sections of pre-RNA and tape together. Put in slashes, dividing it into 3’s or codons.
Complete the process of transcription.
How?
You now have just made pre-mRNA
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9. Locate the beginning of a protein.
How?
Start codon
AUG
Locate the end of a protein.
Stop codon
UAA
UAG
UGA
11. Locate the next set of start and stop codons.
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Label the introns and exons.
Introns:
Non coding
Exons:
Express……codes for a protein
Cut out the introns.
Tape together the exons.
Add a protective 5’ cap to the front and a protective poly-A-tail tail to the end. These protect the mature mRNA from harmful enzymes in the cytoplasm.
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