1. Framework for CSO Control Planning
EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Michael Sullivan
Limno-Tech, Inc.
Framework for CSO Control Planning

2. EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Material to be Covered
CSO Control Policy
Nine Minimum Controls (NMC)
Long-term Control Plans (LTCPs)
Small System Considerations
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

3. Gambles Hill CSO Outfall Prior to CSO Control (1996)
Framework for CSO Control Planning

4. Framework for CSO Control Planning
CSO Outfall
Framework for CSO Control Planning

5. Objective of CSO Control
EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Objective of CSO Control
Bring CSO discharges into compliance with Clean Water Act requirements and applicable State WQ standards
Eliminate CSO discharges where possible
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

6. Four Key Principles of CSO Control Policy
EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Four Key Principles of CSO Control Policy
Provide clear levels of control
Provide sufficient flexibility
Allow a phased approach
Review and revise, as appropriate, WQS and WQS implementation procedures when developing LTCPs
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

7. Roles of Permitting Authorities are Key
EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Roles of Permitting Authorities are Key
Facilitate and coordinate the CSO control program
Ensure coordination among WQS authorities, enforcement authorities, public and permittee
Coordinate CSO control efforts with water pollution control needs on a watershed management basis
Provide leadership
Consider the financial capability of permittees when reviewing CSO control plans
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

8. Overview of CSO Controls
EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Overview of CSO Controls
NMC – Technology-based controls, require documentation and annual reporting
LTCP – Water quality-based controls
Presumption approach
Demonstration approach
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

9. Small System Considerations
The CSO Control Policy recognizes that the
scope of the long-term control plan, including
the characterization, monitoring and
modeling, and evaluation of control
Alternatives, may be difficult for small
communities.
Framework for CSO Control Planning

10. What are the Expectations for Small Communities?
Implement the nine minimum controls
Develop an abbreviated Long-Term Control Plan to cover:
Prioritization of the control of CSOs in sensitive areas
Implementation of a public participation process that actively involves the affected public in the selection of CSO controls
Evaluation of controls and development of a proposed plan for CSO control.
Framework for CSO Control Planning

11. What are the Nine Minimum Controls?
The NMCs are minimum technology-based controls that can be used to address CSO problems -- without extensive engineering studies or significant costs -- prior to implementation of long-term control measures.
Framework for CSO Control Planning

12. Framework for CSO Control Planning
NMC 1: Proper operations and regular maintenance programs for the CSS and CSO outfalls
Framework for CSO Control Planning

13. NMC 2: Maximum use of the CSS for storage
EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
NMC 2: Maximum use of the CSS for storage
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

14. Framework for CSO Control Planning
NMC 3: Review and modification of pretreatment requirements Besides SIUs, small communities may want to focus on other users or groups of users such as:
Hospitals
Photo processors
Dry cleaners
Laundries
Auto body shops
Dentists
Garages
Gas Stations
Restaurants
Landfill leachate
Printers
Car Washes
Framework for CSO Control Planning

15. NMC 4: Maximization of flow to the POTW for treatment
Framework for CSO Control Planning

16. NMC 5: Elimination of CSOs during dry weather
Framework for CSO Control Planning

17. NMC 6: Control of solid and floatable materials in CSOs
Framework for CSO Control Planning

18. NMC 7: Pollution prevention programs
Framework for CSO Control Planning

19. NMC 8: Public notification
Framework for CSO Control Planning

20. Framework for CSO Control Planning
NMC 9: Monitoring to effectively characterize CSO impacts and the efficacy of CSO controls
Framework for CSO Control Planning

21. What is a Long-Term Control Plan?
The LTCP is a comprehensive plan that recognizes the site-specific nature of CSOs and their impacts on receiving waters.
The final LTCP should include water quality-based control measures that are technically feasible, affordable, and consistent with the CSO Control Policy
Framework for CSO Control Planning

22. Nine Elements of an LTCP for Large CSO Communities
EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Nine Elements of an LTCP for Large CSO Communities
Characterization, monitoring and modeling
Public participation
Consideration of sensitive areas
Evaluation of CSO control alternatives
Cost/performance considerations
Operational plan
Maximization of treatment at the POTW
Implementation schedule
Post-construction compliance monitoring
Getting back to the nine elements of a LTCP, the Eval of CSO controls actually includes four of the elements.
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

23. Elements of an LTCP for Small CSO Communities
Required in CSO Control Policy:
Consideration of sensitive areas
Public participation
Evaluation of CSO control alternatives
Useful or likely to be required:
Characterization (not necessarily monitoring and modeling
Maximization of treatment at the POTW
Post-construction compliance monitoring
Framework for CSO Control Planning

24. EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
LTCP Approaches
Demonstration and Presumption Approaches
Two alternative methods for developing a water quality-based control program in the LTCP
Provide CSO communities with targets for CSO control that are presumed to meet the water quality-based requirements of the CWA
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

25. EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
LTCP Approaches
Presumption approach (performance based)
Demonstration approach (more of a watershed approach and based on data)
Combination of Presumption and Demonstration approaches (used by some communities)
There are two basic approaches to CSO control – the presumption approach and the demonstration approach.
The presumption approach is performance based - in that it requires control up to a certain performance level .
The demonstration approach is more of a watershed approach in that it requires a level of control adequate to meet WQ-based requirements of the CWA.
Demonstration originally considered to be a lower level of control
WQS must be met under both approaches, and there is some confusion in distinguishing between them.
Some communities use Presumption for one receiving water and demo for another.
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

26. EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Presumption Approach
Presumes that implementation of controls needed to meet defined performance criteria (e.g., controlling CSOs to no more than an average of four overflow events per year) would provide an adequate level of protection to meet the WQ-based objectives of the CWA.
Minimum treatment defined as primary clarification or equivalent level of treatment.
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

27. Presumption Approach: Performance Criteria
EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Presumption Approach: Performance Criteria
Reduction of CSO frequency to an average of 4 overflows per year (with discretion to add 2 additional overflows)
Elimination or capture for treatment of 85% of the volume of combined sewage in CSS during precipitation events on an "average annual basis.”
Elimination or capture for treatment of 85% of the mass of pollutants in CSS during precipitation events on an average annual basis.
Note: Still requires post-construction compliance monitoring!
Presumption approach relies on specific performance criteria.
Note: Needs to be verified.
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

28. Phased Progress Under Presumption Approach
Framework for CSO Control Planning

29. Demonstration Approach
EPA CSO LTCP Review Workshop December 8-9, 2004 Philadelphia, PA
Demonstration Approach
Requires municipality to demonstrate that:
The LTCP is adequate to meet WQ standards
Remaining CSO discharges will not preclude attainment of WQ standards
LTCP provides maximum pollutant reduction and benefits reasonably attainable
Note: Generally provides for less control than Presumption Approach (< 85% capture)
Framework for CSO Control Planning
Framework for CSO Control Planning

30. Requires Wet Weather Surveys to Demonstrate Attainment of WQS
Framework for CSO Control Planning

31. E coli example WQS is Geomean of 126 mpn/100ml
Time Period
August Geomean Station 1
August Geomean Station 2
August Geomean Station 3
Pre-CSO Control
528
398
203
August 2003 96 49 72
August 2004
114 98 36
Framework for CSO Control Planning

32. Framework for CSO Control Planning
The Key
Discuss the scope of LTCP with NPDES and
WQS authority in advance to make sure that
they will have sufficient information to
identify the appropriate level of CSO control.
Framework for CSO Control Planning

33. Success Requires Participation and Coordination
Framework for CSO Control Planning